Arid
我国降雪日数的气候变率及其影响因素研究
其他题名The climate variability of snowfall days and influence factors over China
刘引鸽
出版年2014
学位类型博士
导师王宁练
学位授予单位中国科学院大学
中文摘要气候变化及其影响一直是人们关注的热点。降雪变化对生态环境、冰川、水资源和社会经济发展有重要影响。在全球变暖的大背景下我国气候也发生了明显变化,极端气候事件强度和频率增加,气候变化产生的连锁效应和辐射效应增强。中国区域南北跨度大,大部分地区都有降雪天气发生,降雪时空分布不均,气候变化复杂,降雪对冬季农作物以及高纬度和高山地区积雪和冰川以及干旱区水资源补给有重要作用,但强降雪也会造成严重的自然灾害。因此,通过对我国降雪日数气候变率分析,揭示降雪日数气候变率的若干基本事实,探讨降雪日数气候变率的时空演变规律及其影响因素,深入理解我国降雪日数的长期气候变化特征及其降雪变化对国民经济的影响,从而为气候变化趋势预测、政府部门的防灾、减灾提供科学依据,对我国社会经济生态环境的可持续发展具有重要科学意义。 本文选择我国1960-2009年582个站点逐日降雪、气温和云量资料,以及东亚冬季风指数、ENSO、降雪灾害资料,采用气候统计和诊断方法,从月、季、年三个不同时间尺度和空间尺度,将我国降雪日数分为10个区域对比分析了我国降雪日数气候变率的时空变化特征、气候模态、变化周期和突变检验以及降雪变化对社会经济的影响,探讨了影响强降雪和降雪日数变化的大气环流和其他因素,进行了基于气候变化情景下的降雪日数趋势预测,主要结论如下: 1)我国降雪日数空间分布不均,具有年际和年代际变化特征以及周期性和突变现象。降雪日数空间分布表现为多雪带、少雪带、偶尔降雪带和无降雪区域,存在三个降雪日数高值中心,分别位于新疆北部、东北地区和青藏高原地区,降雪日数的这种空间分布与我国气候和地理环境相关。近50年来,我国年平均降雪日呈显著减少趋势,趋势率为-2d/10a,冬、春和秋季平均降雪日数也均为显著减少趋势,趋势率分别为-2.3d/10a 、-2.0 d/10a和-1.8 d/10a,而且通过0.05的显著性水平检验,置信度达到95%,但不同年代变化有差异。20世纪80年代前年降雪日数以增加为主,20世纪90年代以后年降雪日数减少趋势明显。降雪开始日期、结束日期和持续时间分别表现为推迟、提前和缩短趋势,我国降雪的这种变化趋势与气候变暖相关。我国年降雪和季节降雪的周期和突变现象明显,年降雪日数具有2.5-5年短周期和10-20年的长周期变化,年平均降雪日数突变时间为1977年,冬季和秋季降雪日数突变时间分别为1981年和1969年,春季降雪日数没有突变现象发生。 2) 区域降雪日数气候变率具有明显过程差异以及变化模态。 a)不同区域年和季节降雪日数的年代际变化特征明显,大部分地区降雪日数为减少趋势。新疆北部、新疆南部、西北东部、华北、青藏高原地区、长江中下游、东北北部、东北南部、西南和华南地区等十个区域的年平均降雪日数趋势率分别为-1.0 d/10a,0.1d/10a,-2.3 d/10a,-2.1 d/10a,-5.8 d/10a,-1.3 d/10a,-3.4 d/10a,-2.8 d/10a,-1.5 d/10a和-1.4d/10a,其中 8个区域的年平均降雪日数均为显著减少趋势,而且通过0.05的显著性水平检验,只有新疆北部和南部降雪日数分别为微弱的减少和增加趋势。年平均降雪日数绝对变率以华南、长江中下游流域以及新疆南部最大,青藏高原、新疆北部以及东北北部年平均降雪日数变化幅度最大。冬季以东北北部和南部及西北东部地区平均降雪日数减少趋势最为显著。春季以青藏高原地区和东北北部地区平均降雪日数减少趋势最为显著。秋季降雪日数以青藏高原、东北北部和新疆北部变化趋势最显著。1970s以前,以青藏高原地区年平均降雪日数增加趋势率最大。1990s以后,青藏高原、东北地区和华北地区年平均降雪日数减少趋势率最大。各区域季节降雪日数变化趋势与年变化趋势基本一致。多雪的东北和青藏高原地区,年内降雪日数表现为双峰型,一年内有两个最大值,其他区域降雪日数为单峰型。 b) 不同区域年和季节降雪日数具有不同气候变化模态、周期和突变现象。近50年来我国大部分地区降雪日数在季和年尺度上存在三种气候变化模态:(1)平稳气候变化模态;(2)正-负气候变化模态;(3)正-负-正气候变化模态。不同区域降雪日数具有长周期和短周期变化,除过新疆南部和北部及西南地区外,其他地区年降雪日数均出现突变现象,西北东部、华北地区、东北北部和南部、华南及长江流域地区在20世纪70年代后期开始出现年降雪日数突变。青藏高原地区年降雪日数在20世纪60年代出现减少突变现象。在冬、春和秋季,大部分区域降雪日数都发生突变现象,只是突变时间有差异。 c)不同区域年降雪日数异常变化明显,部分地区降雪强度增大。大部分地区降雪日数出现异常偏多时间在20世纪80年代以前,21世纪降雪日数异常偏少几率增大。新疆地区、青藏高原和东北地区年降雪强度均为增加趋势。大部分区域年降雪日数随着海拔高度和纬度增加而显著增加,而且通过0.05的显著性水平检验。 3)大气环流及其他气候要素对降雪日数有重要影响。大气环流系统异常变化是影响大部分地区暴雪和短期降雪日数变化的主要因素。气温、东亚冬季风和云量变化是影响我国降雪日数长期气候变化的主要因素。东亚冬季风和总云量与我国年降雪日数显著正相关关系,ENSO和低云量变化对我国年降雪日数影响较小。年平均气温与我国年降雪日数显著负相关关系。年降雪日数与≦0℃气温持续时间为显著正相关关系,根据两者关系预测我国在2030s和2050s年降雪日数将减少5d和11d,减少幅度为12.5%和27.5%。 4)假定温度变化+1℃,+2℃,我国年降雪日数对气温的敏感性分析表明,我国年平均降雪日数对年平均温度变化的响应比较敏感。基于两种气候变化情形,A1(高排放)和B1(低排放),2030s,2050s,2080s气温变率分别为1.04%、2.11%、3.72%,和0.9%、1.62%和2.28%,预测了未来我国在21世纪中期,各区域年降雪日数均为减少趋势,多雪区域的青藏高原地区年降雪日数减幅较大为19.5-24.2%,各区域均在A1情景下降雪日数减幅最大。 5)我国雪灾呈增加趋势,趋势率为1.4次/10a,尤其是20世纪90年代以后雪灾损失显著增加,雪灾发生范围也在扩大。降雪日数比较集的北方雪灾发生率最大为21.57%-58.82%。虽然我国降雪日数减少,但区域降雪强度和雪灾发生频率增加。异常降雪的气候变率增大可能是我国雪灾增加以及危害严重的主要原因,因此,必须预防极端降雪事件可能带来的危害。
英文摘要Studies on climate change and its influence have been a good topic in recent years. The snowfall changes have significant impact on the ecological environment such as the glacier, the ground radiation, water resources and social economic development. In line with the global warming, the climate in China has also changed significantly, this made the increase of the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events, thus strengthening the chain effect and radiation effect of the climate change. China is across tropical, subtropical and temperate climate from south to north. Snowfall weather often occurs in most areas of China. But the snowfall is unevenly distributed in time and space, while the climate change is complicated. Snowfall is the main form of winter precipitation. It is suitable for the crop growth and the material basis of snow cover as well as formed glacier in high latitude and mountainous area, while snow has an important role in the supply of water resources in arid area. But the heavy snowfall can cause a big natural disaster. In order to reveal basic facts of snowfall, the climate modes, the serious losses of snow, and the climate variability of the snowfall days over China are analyzed. The study provides the scientific basis for simulation and prediction of climate change, which has a realistic significance for disaster prevention and reduction, water environment and the sustainable development of society economy and ecological environment. In this study,the daily snowfall data, air temperature, cloud data, winter monsoon index, ENSO, and snow disaster data from 582 sites during 1960-2009 over China and the East Asian are obtained. The methods of statistical analysis of climate and climate diagnosis have been employed for the climate variability of snowfall days of china. From temporal and spatial scales of the month, season and year, China was divided into 10 regions and the spatial and temporal characteristics and regional snowfall days variation process were explored. Meanwhile, the snow disaster and snowfall effect on the social and economic environment were also discussed and the factors affecting the change of snow were investigated. Additionally, the snowfall days trends were predicted under the climate change scenarios. The main conclusions of research work in this study are as follow: 1) The snowfall days over China have the features of interannual and interdecadal climate variation, periods and mutation phenomenon.There are four types of distribution of snowfall days: snowy belt, less snow, occasional snowfall and free snow areas. Three high value centers of snowfall days have been identified in the north of Xinjiang, the northeast region and the Qinghai Tibet plateau, respectively. The spatial distributions of snowfall days associate with China's climate and geographical environment.The annual average snowfall days are reducing at a rate of 2d/10a. In winter, spring and autumn the snowfall days are also significantly decreasing with the trend rate of -0.23 d/10a, -0.20d/10a and -0.18 d/10a, respectively, and pass the 0.05 significance level test. Especially before 1990s snowfall days increase, then snowfall days decrease obviously. In addition, the snow begin dates are postponed and end dates are in advance, as well as snow dates from the beginning to the end are reduced. The trends are related to climate warming.The cycle and mutation of annual snowfall days and seasonal snowfall days are explored that the changes of the annual snowfall days have short period of 2.5-5 years and long period of 10-20 years. Annual snowfall days mutation phenomenon occurrs in 1977 while the mutation time is different in monthly and seasonal change. In autumn and winter the mutation time of snowfall days is in 1981 and 1969 while spring snow days appear no mutation phenomenon. 2) The regional snowfall days have the different process variations and climate models. (a) In the areas of northern Xinjiang, southern Xinjia
中文关键词降雪日数 ; 气候变率 ; 时空特征 ; 影响因素 ; 趋势预测 ; 中国
英文关键词Snowfall days Climate variability Spatial and temporal characteristics Influence factors Trend forecast China
语种中文
国家中国
来源学科分类自然地理学
来源机构中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院
资源类型学位论文
条目标识符http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287405
推荐引用方式
GB/T 7714
刘引鸽. 我国降雪日数的气候变率及其影响因素研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2014.
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