Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 退牧政策下的农户经济行为与草原管理模式研究 | |
| 其他题名 | Research on Farmers’ Economic Behavior and Grassland Management Patterns under Returning Grazing Land to Grassland Program |
| 陈勇 | |
| 出版年 | 2014 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 王涛 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 随着生态环境与社会经济发展矛盾的日趋尖锐，生态环境退化成为世界各国普遍面临的重要问题之一。生态补偿（PES）作为生态保护措施中较为直接和核心的方式，它是一种将环境非市场的、具有外部性的价值转化为对环境保护者财政激励的方法；是保护环境，促进人与自然和谐发展的有效手段。 退牧政策作为我国影响较大的生态补偿项目，自实施以来取得了明显的成效，许多退牧区草地沙漠化出现了不同程度的逆转，但同时也出现了一系列问题。例如，生态保护者的权益和经济利益得不到保障，许多地区的退牧政策“一刀切”忽视地区差异等。伴随退牧政策的实施，农户的违规放牧行为从未间断。虽然存在一定程度的违规放牧，但许多退牧区的草原沙漠化仍在其自然条件没有明显改善的情况下发生了逆转。因此，探讨“一刀切”的退牧政策的合理性及农户的违规放牧行为机制，研究退牧政策下可持续的草原管理模式是非常必要和有意义的。 本文以宁夏盐池县为研究区，通过定量评价退牧前后草地生态经济效益，探讨完全退牧的合理性；从不同违规放牧程度的草地生态经济系统的反馈，评价现有的草原管理模式；从农户违规放牧成因、特征及影响因素方面的定性与定量研究，分析农户的违规放牧行为机制；基于论文研究结果，提出三种草原管理模式，并进行理论与实证的研究。论文主要取得以下进展和结论： （1）构建了退牧政策生态经济综合效益评价的指标体系。应用该指标体系，基于层次分析法计算出盐池县退牧后综合效益平均值为0.54，虽然伴随违规放牧，但较之退牧前提高了58.82%；其中，生态、经济与社会效益值分别平均增加37.8%、119.46%和80.95%。由此可见，“一刀切”的完全退牧忽视了草原的差异性，浪费了一定的经济价值，存在欠合理性。 （2）通过对调查问卷的统计分析表明，农户对退牧政策的响应态度及生态环境意识，随环境的变化而变化。在生态环境较差时，农户渴望实施政策改善环境，并认可退牧对环境的积极作用；但随着环境好转，对退牧政策的积极作用及接受态度，开始变得减弱；虽然农户较为认可生态环境治理的作用及退牧政策的效果，但对生态治理的长期性感知一般；农户对退牧政策的态度及生态环境意识的调查表明，相对于生态保护，农户更倾向于草地带来的短期经济利益。因此，生态环境治理的长期性与农户追求短期利益的矛盾较为显著。 （3）对比评价退牧后形成的三种违规放牧模式的生态经济系统显示，自由放牧综合表现较差，园区与舍饲表现较好。经济层面，园区养殖表现出高投入-高产出，农户舍饲与自由放牧表现为低投入-低产出；农户舍饲与园区养殖均能实现投入产出有效，而自由放牧仅实现技术有效。生态层面，舍饲养殖下的草地植被覆盖度与植被密度优于园区和自由放牧。而园区模式下的草层高度及物种多样性表现最优。自由放牧模式下的草原植物群落特征表现最差。整体的土壤养分特征表现为舍饲模式优于园区及自由放牧模式，自由放牧模式表现最差。社会层面，自由放牧模式的非农就业较少，且生活满意度较低；舍饲与园区模式相对较好。 （4）通过对农户违规放牧行为的特征、主要成因和影响因素的定性研究发现，农户违规放牧行为具有博弈性和风险性的特征；违规放牧的成因主要为农户追求利润最大化和偏短期的生态环境意识；违规放牧主要受农户的禀赋差异、草原的产权制度和政府管理的执行力度差异等因素的影响。 （5）对违规放牧行为的定量研究表明，农户违规与否主要受其自身素能（0.289，即能力禀赋）、所处的发展空间（0.253，资源禀赋）、主动获取信息的能力（0.187）和资本积累与筹措能力（0.122，资金禀赋）的影响，这基本与定性分析相符；通过考察伴随违规放牧的农户养殖效用可知，农户对经济利益的追求总是处于首位，即违规时间的长短不受闲暇时间减少及环境改善的影响，除了政府罚款、检查频率足够大的条件下，农户会缩减违规放牧时间外，随着违规放牧收益的增加或养殖规模的增加，相应的违规放牧时间也会增加。 （6）结合对农户违规放牧行为的研究，本文给出了三种放牧管理模式，分别是放牧收费模式（即放牧收费+基于结果的生态系统服务补贴）、社区管理模式和企业管理模式。通过构建理论模型与农户意愿调查，验证了放牧收费模式的可行性；通过逐步回归分析可知，养殖收入占总收入比例、非农投资行为、草原承包情况、农户生态保护意识、家中老人及孩子人数、距县城距离、受访者年龄和家庭每年总收入8个因素是影响农户放牧出资的主要因素；提出的实施建议是放牧收费要因地制宜、适当增加补贴促进对农户的激励、加大罚款力度避免农户继续违规、明确草原产权和加大草原保护的宣传教育等。 社区管理模式在国际上的实施较为成熟，本文仅分析了其在盐池县实施的可行性。论文采用SWOT-AHP的方法，并选取了三个利益相关方进行打分。通过分析表明，农户偏好实施社区管理模式的积极因素得分（优势0.485，机遇0.28）优于消极因素得分（劣势0.167，挑战0.068）；科研人员与农户的偏好类似（积极因素得分0.663，消极因素得分0.336）；政府部门偏好实施社区管理模式的消极因素得分（劣势0.088，挑战0.483）优于积极因素得分（优势0.272，机遇0.157）。综合三方的观点，盐池县草地资源实施社区管理模式的优势、劣势、机遇及挑战分别占42.9%、17.4%、19%、20.6%，初步认为社区管理模式在盐池县是可行的。 综合以上管理模式和盐池县畜牧业发展现状，论文提出了草原的企业管理模式。该模式通过政府将草地租给企业，并进行监督，企业统一规划利用；而农户饲养育肥羊，不会对草地造成影响，同时政府通过舍饲补贴的方式参与管理。 |
| 英文摘要 | With the increasingly acute conflict between eco-environment and social development, environmental degradation has become one of the grave issues countries in the world are all confronted with. Payments for environmental services (PES) are emerging as a new mechanism to translate external and non-market values of the environment into financial incentives for local actors to provide environmental services (ES). It has become one of the most effective tools to protect the environment and promote the harmonious development between human and nature. The PES policy of Returning Grazing Land to Grassland Program (RGLGP) has had greater impact on China and has reached remarkable achievements since its implementation. Grassland desertification reversed to varying degrees in many areas the policy implemented. However, a series of problems has arisen. For example, the legitimate rights and economic interests of conservationists are not guaranteed, and in some individual areas the policy was implemented completely “one size fits all” RGLGP (prohibiting grazing) ignoring regional differences. Though having the implementation of the RGLGP, farmers’ illegal grazing activities have never stopped. Although accompanied with farmer’ illegal grazing, desertification in many grassland of RGLGP district has been reversed without its natural conditions having significant improvement. Therefore, studying the reasonableness of “one size fits all” RGLGP and the mechanisms of the illegal behavior of farmers, and giving the sustainable grassland management patterns are very necessary and meaningful. In this paper, firstly, we made quantitative evaluation on Yanchi County’s grassland ecological and economic benefits before and after the implemention of RGLGP in order to investigate the reasonableness of “one size fits all” RGLGP. Secondly, on the basis of qualitative and quantitative research on the causes, characteristics and influencing factors of farmers’ illegal grazing, we analyzed the mechanism of farmers’ illegal grazing. We then, thirdly, assessed the existing grassland management patterns through studying the feedbacks of grassland eco-economic system under different illegal grazing patterns. Finally, we proposed three new grassland management patterns, and made theoretical and empirical research. According to the research, the following conclusions can be obtained: (1) A comprehensive benefit evaluation index system of RGLGP policy was constructed. Referring to the index system, the average comprehensive benefit of Yanchi countyafter RGLGP was calculated as 0.54 by means of AHP, which has improved 58.82%compared to that pre-RGLGP. Among them, the ecological, economic and social benefit values increased separatelyby an average of 37.8%, 119.46% and 80.95%. Thus, it is inferred that the“one size fits all”implementation of policy completely is indeed unreasonable with ignoring the differences of grassland and wasting certain economic value. (2) Statistical analysis of the questionnaires shows that farmers’ responsive attitudes and ecological consciousness of RGLGP vary with changes in the environment. When ecological environment was poor, farmers were eager to implement policies to improve the environment, and confirm the positive impact of RGLGP on the environment; but as the situation improved, farmers’ confirmation in the positive impact of RGLGP and acceptance attitude towards RGLGP started to weaken. Though farmers have recognized the benefits and effects of ecological environment governanceand the RGLGP policy, their perception of ecological management in the long-term is average. According to the survey on farmers’ attitude to RGLGP and ecological awareness, comparing to ecological protection, farmers prefer short-term economic benefits brought by the grassland. Thus, the contradiction between long-term ecological environment’s government and farmers’ pursuit of short-term interests is remarkable. (3) The eco-economic analysis of the three |
| 中文关键词 | 退牧还草 ; 草原管理模式 ; 生态经济评价 ; 农户经济行为 ; 盐池县 |
| 英文关键词 | Returning Grazing Land to Grassland Program Grassland management pattern Ecological economic evaluation Farmers' economic behavior Yanchi County |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 自然地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287390 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 陈勇. 退牧政策下的农户经济行为与草原管理模式研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2014. |
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