Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 量化辨识气候变化和人类活动对青藏高原高寒草地的影响 | |
| 其他题名 | Identifying and Quantifying the Climate Change and Anthropogenic Activities Impacts on Alpine Grassland over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau |
| 陈宝雄 | |
| 出版年 | 2014 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 张宪洲 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 气候变化和人类活动是影响生态系统最主要的两个因素，在目前关于全球变化的研究中却很难准确地区分两者对生态系统的不同影响，导致目前人类很难合理地评估两种不同影响的强弱，以致无法对于特定的生态系统采取科学合理的生态适应对策以应对气候变化和人类活动对其的干扰。近半个世纪以来，青藏高原升温显著，人类活动明显增加，气候变化和人类活动对高原的生态系统将会产生重要的影响，而目前高原生态系统在局部地区已经出现了不同程度的退化。青藏高原高寒草地是整个高原生态系统重要的组成部分，草地覆盖面积占整个高原总面积的60%以上，但是高寒草地生态系统相对比较脆弱且恢复力较弱，对气候变化和人类活动的干扰比较敏感，一旦遭到破坏便很难恢复，届时将会影响到整个中国东部、甚至是东南亚地区。本研究选取青藏高原高寒草地生态系统为研究对象，利用长期观测取样结合模型模拟的方法，尝试模拟青藏高原近30年（1982至2011年）来的气候变化和人类活动对高寒草地生态系统的不同影响。对正在高寒草地上实施的大型生态工程“退牧还草”的评估提供依据，并为合理地管理高寒草地生态系统提供科学依据。本研究的主要结果如下： （1）对藏北高寒草地连续5年的监测结果显示，围栏禁牧对于恢复草地地上生物量具有显著的效果，围栏对高寒草地地上生物量5年的平均恢复效果约为24.0%。2009至2013年间，人类活动对藏北高寒草地地上生物量的影响约为18.6%，而该影响强度在不同的范围和时间水平上也不尽相同。其中在东南部水热条件较好的草甸地区，该种影响强度较大；而在水热条件较差的西北部地区，人类活动对该区域的草地生态系统影响相对较弱。 （2）运用相机参考板法对藏北低矮草地的fPAR进行测定，结合西藏当雄草地常规四分量法测定的fPAR和遥感数据MODIS的fPAR产品，对三种不同方法进行比较。结果表明相机参考板法能准确地监测藏北低矮草地fPAR的时空变化。对遥感数据的分析表明，2002至2011年期间，藏北高寒草地平均生长季fPAR增加了0.86%，东部高寒草甸增加最多，达到了1.50%，其次是西部干旱地区的荒漠草原为1.32%，中部的高寒草原fPAR增长最少，仅为0.28%。 （3）模型模拟的结果表明，1982至2011年间，青藏高原高寒草地现实NPP呈持续增长趋势，但前20年和后10年的驱动因素却不尽相同。前20年间，高原草地人类活动相对较弱（牲口数量较少），随着气候变的暖湿化，现实NPP呈现了明显的增加趋势。但是在后10年间，随着高原降水模式发生改变，高原局部地区气候出现了暖干化的趋势，气候因素驱动的潜在NPP呈明显减少趋势，但人类对牲口数量的干预导致高原草地牲畜数量自2004年以来出现了显著减少，成功地减少了人类活动对高原草地NPP的干扰，致使高原草地现实NPP仍呈增加趋势。气候变化对高寒草地NPP影响的面积比例从前20年的79.62%下降到后10年的56.59%，而人类活动对其的影响却从20.16%上升到42.98%。 （4）1982至2011年间，青藏高原高寒草地在不同海拔梯度的NPPP、NPPA和NPPH都存在差异，NPPP和NPPA都随着海拔的升高而逐渐减少；而其相对增长速率却随着海拔的升高而增加，NPPP的相对增长速率要大于NPPA的相对增长速率。而人类活动主导的草地NPPH却随着海拔出现了先增加后减少的趋势，由于人类活动主导的草地NPPH的影响，在海拔4156m及以下海拔，高寒草地NPPA的增加是由NPPH的减少所造成的，人类活动的减少引起了高寒草地现实生产力的增加；然而在海拔大于4442m的范围，高寒草地现实生产力的增加是由气候变化所主导的。在海拔4156~4442m的范围之内，NPPP处于增长趋势，而NPPH处与减少趋势，气候变化和人类活动都对高寒草地现实生产力的提高都有正向作用，但气候变化起到了主导作用。对于高寒草地，NPPP、NPPA和NPPH沿着海拔梯度的变化率的不同，表现出气候变化和人类活动在高原不同海拔梯度上的敏感性不同，高寒草地对气候变化在高海拔地区较为敏感，而人类活动在高海拔和低海拔范围区域内都比较敏感。 |
| 英文摘要 | The climate change and anthropomorphic activities are the most important factors influenced the ecosystems, but it is impossible clearly discriminate the two different effects to ecosystems, so that it is hard to evaluate these changes and consequences scientifically and precisely, leading difficult to choose a suitable ecosystem adaptation strategy implementation on ecosystems. In the recent half century, the Qinghai-Tibet plateau（QTP）has been endured significantly warming than the other places in the world, along with fast increased anthropomorphic activities, the alpine ecosystems are facing serious environmental and ecological problems, some regional degradation or desertification has been occurred and proceeding on over the plateau. Among all the plateau alpine ecosystems, the alpine grassland covers more than 60% area of the whole plateau, for the more sensitivity and lack of self-resilience of alpine grassland ecosystem, it is devastating for the developed area in east of China and even for the total southeast of Asia once the alpine grassland been largely degraded or destroyed. This study choose the alpine grassland ecosystem as the target, using the long-term observation, continuous five-year field sampling, and model simulations, trying to distinguish between the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities on alpine grassland over the QTP from 1982 to 2011, and to determine which is the main driving force for grassland ecosystem change over different time periods. This research results could be partly used for the scientific evaluation over the large ecological restoration project “Grazing Withdrew Program”, and provided the scientific basis for formulate the alpine grassland management regulations. The summary of the findings are as follows: （1）The continuous five-year field work shows that the enclosure for degraded alpine grassland can significantly restoring the aboveground grass biomass, the restoration effect of grazing-exclusion can reached 24.0% over the north Tibet alpine grassland. However, the herdsman-induced grazing effect for the alpine grassland in this place can also be as high as 18.6%. The environmental condition also impacts the grazing effect in this region and that effect still weakly influenced by total number of livestock. （2）The results showed that the observed fPAR by Digital Camera and Reference Panel and traditional in situ fPAR observing method had significant good relationship with MODIS data in spatial and temporal respectively. The decadal MODIS fPAR trend analysis showed that the average growing season alpine grassland fPAR increased by 1.2×10-4 yr-1, totally increased 0.86% from 2002 to 2011, where most of the fPAR increment happened in the southeast and middle of the north Tibetan plateau. The alpine grassland generally tended to be slightly recovered from the degrading situation. However, the climate factor have influenced the sub-vegetation fPAR, the precipitation highly significant impact the alpine meadow fPAR in east region, but the temperature significant affected the alpine desert steppe fPAR in the west region. （3）The simulations results showed that, under the influences of climate change and human activities, the prime determinants of the increase in actual NPP in the two periods were changed. A warm-wet climate and less human activities caused a rapid increase in potential NPP and a relatively slow increase in human-induced NPP, which led to a human-induced NPP increase from 1982 to 2001. However, as the warm-dry climate decreased the alpine grassland potential NPP over the QTP from 2001 to 2011, marked human intervention on the alpine grassland ecosystem （fencing degrading grassland and reducing livestock number） played a much more important role in the grassland restoration, which still resulted in actual NPP increasing in this period. As for the impacted area, the area percentage of actual grassland NPP change caused by climate change declined from 79.62% in t |
| 中文关键词 | 青藏高原 ; 高寒草地 ; 气候变化 ; 人类活动 ; fPAR ; 敏感性 ; 生态系统自然承载力 |
| 英文关键词 | The Qinghai-Tibet plateau Alpine grassland Climate change Anthropogenic activities Fraction Photosynthetically Active Radiation Sensitivity Ecosystem natural capacity |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生态学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287360 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 陈宝雄. 量化辨识气候变化和人类活动对青藏高原高寒草地的影响[D]. 中国科学院大学,2014. |
| 条目包含的文件 | 条目无相关文件。 | |||||
| 个性服务 |
| 推荐该条目 |
| 保存到收藏夹 |
| 导出为Endnote文件 |
| 谷歌学术 |
| 谷歌学术中相似的文章 |
| [陈宝雄]的文章 |
| 百度学术 |
| 百度学术中相似的文章 |
| [陈宝雄]的文章 |
| 必应学术 |
| 必应学术中相似的文章 |
| [陈宝雄]的文章 |
| 相关权益政策 |
| 暂无数据 |
| 收藏/分享 |
除非特别说明，本系统中所有内容都受版权保护，并保留所有权利。
