Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 海拉尔河流域径流变化及影响因素分析 | |
| 其他题名 | The analysis of runoff variation at Hailaer River and its influencing factors |
| 陆胤昊 | |
| 出版年 | 2013 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 叶柏生 ; 丁永健 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 应用海拉尔河1950S以来的逐月径流资料以及流域气象站的降水气温资料，结合流域期气象站同期冻土观测资料，用线性趋势分析了流域径流的年内年际变化特征，并采用双累积曲线法找出了流域产流的突变时间，分割了降水变化和下垫面变化对年径流的影响。通过流域社会经济资料，评估了1950S以来人类活动对流域下垫面的影响。结合流域冻土资料情况，采用冻结深度来反映多年冻土的变化，通过冻结深度与径流变化的对比来寻找冻土与径流的关系变化.通过计算历年最大月径流与最小月径流的比值，推算了流域冻土盖度。并通过退水系数与历年冻结深度变化对比，探寻了冻土退化对径流年内分配变化的影响。主要结果如下： (1)1950S以来海拉尔河流域径流总体呈减小趋势，1980S—1990S是连续丰水期，而2000年以后则是连续枯水期；夏秋季径流比重总体呈减小趋势，冬季径流比重有较为显著的上升，同期冬季降水也呈上升趋势，这一现象可能是由于冬季固态降水的保温作用抑制了冻土的冻结过程，从而使冬季产流增加所致。 (2)从径流的时间变化上看, 近40年来, 该流域冬季退水过程有明显的减缓, 在无固态降水的1~3月，径流大约有13%~20%的增长. 同期流域下游满洲里站冻土最大冻结深度减小了50cm左右，两者之间有显著的相关关系. 这表明冻土退化已经对流域的水文过程产生影响. 冻土退化的这一水文效应主要是由于随着冻土退化, 冻土的隔水作用减小, 一方面使流域内有更多的地表水入渗变成地下水, 造成流域地下水水库的储水量加大, 导致冬季径流增加; 另一方面, 多年冻土活动层深度变大及入渗范围扩大, 也能使流域地下水库库容增加, 地下水水库调蓄能力增强，导致流域退水过程更为缓慢。各水文站退水系数与最大冻结深度的相关度的显著性不是很高，但是随着统计滑动平均的年数增加而增强特别是达到5年滑动平均以后，相关性非常显著，说明冻土对气候变暖的响应是一个缓慢的过程, 因此冻土退化对径流过程的影响也是一个渐变过程. (3) 人类活动对下垫面的改造是影响径流的重要因素，1984年以来人类垦殖力度加强，养畜数量尤其是小畜数量增加，导致草场沙漠化程度加剧。而同时期气候变暖导致的冻土退化会导致表层土壤含水量下降，同样也会加剧草场退化,草场退化和冻土退化陷入恶性循环。草场的退化会增加流域的产流能力，加快流域的产汇流速度，使得流域径流年内分配集中度提高。 |
| 英文摘要 | The effect of frost degradation on the variation of runoff is a hotspot issue under a changing climate. However, most existing researches on the subject have focused on the relationship between permafrost degradation and runoff.Based on the surface runoff, temperature and precipitation data over the last 50years from Hailaer River, this paper, using the method of linear trends of change, investigated the long-term trend of time series of surface runoff, obtains the varying characteristics of annual and inter-annual runoff in this region. It also uses double mass curve analysis of precipitation and runoff at Hailaer River, the impact of changes in precipitation and frozen soil on the runoff was analyzed. Make use of last 50years social economic data to evaluate human activities on the underlying surface. Based on the frozen depth data from Manzhouli Meteorological Station from 1974 -2006 and monthly runoff data from four hydrological stations from 1974 -2008 in Hailaer River basin, the relationship between frost degradation and runoff and its variability over the last 30 years are investigated. The study uses the Permafrost coverage was reckoned by the ratio of monthly maximal to minimal streamflow. The degradation of frozen soil and its action mechanism of annual runoff distribution based on analysis the relationships between winter recession curve CR and the maximum frozen depth. Main results are as follows: (1) In the recent 50 years, annual average runoff of Hailaer River showed an decreasing trends, in high flow during period from 1980S to 1990S and in low flow after 2000s.The percentage of summer and autumn runoff is decreased while the ratio of winter runoff increase obviously, and precipitation in winter has been on the rise. Which may be partly due solid phase precipitation in winter to warm up the permafrost, have inhibition the process of soil freezing. (2) Winter discharge has increased about 13% - 20% at the Hailaer, Bahou, and the Honghuaerji three hydrologic Stations, and no significant change is found at the fourth one(Yakeshi). the discharge ratio of February to November (Q2/Q11) has increased significantly, while the maximum frozen depth at the Manzhouli Station has decreased about 50cm for the same time period. These results imply that the winter recession curve has shown a slowing trend mainly due to the effect of frost degradation under climate warming. The hydrological impact of frost degradation would be explainable by following three aspects：First,the degradation of frozen ground will lead to the increases in aquifer thicknesses, surface water infiltration amounts, and groundwater storages. Subsequently, the groundwater increment will increased the winter discharge. Second, the circulation of groundwater is moving much more slowly than the surface water does. The enlarged groundwater reservoir will lead to a longer river runoff recession. Third, the response of frost degardation to climate warming is a slow process and its effect on runoff variability is also a gradual one. (3) the underlying surface is one of the most important factors of runoff,which remarkably changed by human activities since 1984, the desertification of grassland caused by reclamation and overgrazing,meanwhile, the degradation of frozen soil by climate warming exacerbated this process,it is a vicious circle between rozen soil degradation and grassland desertification. Grassland desertification, which positive for runoff producing, accelerate the hydrological cycle ,the asymmetry of runoff in a year increased and water resources concentrated in special month more and more. |
| 中文关键词 | 径流 ; 冻土 ; 气候变化 ; 水文过程 ; 海拉尔河 |
| 英文关键词 | streamflow frozen ground climatic change hydrologic process Hailaer River |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 自然地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287177 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 陆胤昊. 海拉尔河流域径流变化及影响因素分析[D]. 中国科学院大学,2013. |
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