Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 鹅喉羚（Gazella subgutturosa）行为生态研究 | |
| 其他题名 | Bhvioural Ecology of the Goitered Gazelle, Gazella subgutturosa |
| 夏参军 | |
| 出版年 | 2012 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 张元明 ; 杨维康 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 鹅喉羚（Gazella subgutturosa）为典型的荒漠、半荒漠中型有蹄类物种，国家二级保护动物；IUCN红色名录将其列为低危种。自2007年，作者采用焦点动物取样法于卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区开展了鹅喉羚昼间行为时间分配、昼间行为活动节律、采食行为、警戒行为及发情交配行为的研究，结果如下：\n将鹅喉羚昼间行为分为采食、移动、警戒、休息和“其它”5种类型。结果表明：无论雌雄，鹅喉羚在全年大部分时间均花费超过50%的时间采食，最高达68.9%（秋季雄性）；大约30%的时间休息，夏季雌羚休息时间最高达42.1%；冬季雄性鹅喉羚采食时间降低至29.6%；相较于春季和秋季，冬季雄性鹅喉羚休息时间有所增加（29.3%），雌性则显著下降，仅有19.6%。虽然警戒、移动和“其它”3种行为也很关键，但其占鹅喉羚白昼行为时间比例均较低（多< 8%）。如夏季雌羚将更多的时间用于育幼，冬季雄羚花费较多时间用于发情、交配和争斗等。总之，采食和休息是鹅喉羚白昼最主要的两种行为，影响鹅喉羚昼间行为时间分配的主要因子有食物生物量、生理周期、环境季节性温度，以及人类活动干扰。\n鹅喉羚采食行为通常存在2 — 3个高峰，高峰期一般出现在晨昏和正午，不同季节采食高峰持续时间各异，一般可持续1-2 h；休息高峰期通常紧随在采食高峰之后，因此鹅喉羚的昼间活动节律呈现出明显的采食 — 休息 — 采食的格局。夏季受正午高温影响，雌羚在正午具有一个长达7小时的休息阶段，导致夏季雌羚仅具有晨昏两个采食高峰；研究结果表明鹅喉羚昼间活动节律受食物资源量、环境温度和生理周期等外在和内在因素的影响。\n作者通过研究鹅喉羚采食行为检验了3个相关假设：（1）环境因子（温度、食物生物量等）对鹅喉羚采食行为的影响；（2）性别体二型现象对鹅喉羚两性采食行为的影响；（3）群体大小对鹅喉羚采食行为的影响。研究结果表明：季节因子（包括生物量、温度等）对鹅喉羚的采食行为具有显著影响；鹅喉羚仅在夏季育幼期和冬季发情交配期采食时间具有两性差异；夏季雌羚需花费更多时间采食以更好的满足哺乳所需的较高营养，冬季雄羚将更多的时间用于发情交配等行为，导致其用于采食的时间急剧下降。因此性别体二型可能不是导致鹅喉羚两性采食时间产生差异的主要因素。某些季节鹅喉羚采食时间随群体增大而有所增加，但这种效应在统计学上无明显差异。因此环境因子和生理周期是影响鹅喉羚采食时间的主要因素。群体效应是否以及如何影响鹅喉羚采食行为的其它特征（采食速率、反刍行为等），需要开展更进一步的工作。\n动物通过集群降低个体警戒行为时间，从而增加采食等行为时间，这种现象被称为“群体效应”。以往研究表明，该效应是影响动物警戒行为的重要影响因子。除群体大小外，社会及环境因子如季节与性别也可能影响个体警戒水平。在本研究中，作者检验了季节、性别以及群体大小是否以及如何影响鹅喉羚的个体警戒行为。结果表明：由于季节更替而产生的生物量的变化对鹅喉羚个体警戒水平无显著影响；除秋冬季雄性外，鹅喉羚个体警戒水平均有随群体增大而降低的趋势，因此群体大小对鹅喉羚警戒行为具有显著的改变；验证了“群体效应”。相比之下，个体所处的生理周期是造成鹅喉羚个体警戒行为改变的主要因子，显著的改变了哺乳期雌羚及发情期雄羚的警戒水平。而人类活动的影响对鹅喉羚的警戒行为也具有潜在的影响。该结果可为进一步理解“群体效应”理论以及人类活动如何影响动物警戒行为提供重要依据，从而为该物种的保护与管理提供基础资料。\n\n采用焦点动物取样法研究了鹅喉羚发情交配行为。作者建立了与发情交配相关各行为的行为谱，将鹅喉羚发情交配行为分为4种类型：领域行为、冲突行为、发情求偶行为和交配行为。详细刻画了求偶时鹅喉羚通常所采取的两种求偶姿势，并详细描述了雄羚领域行为模式、冲突行为模式和交配行为模式。依据是否观察到交配行为将鹅喉羚的发情交配期分为两个阶段：发情准备期和发情高峰期。为更好对比不同发情阶段鹅喉羚发情交配行为特征，作者对部分行为进行了量化。结果表明：鹅喉羚在两个发情阶段采用低姿势求偶的频率均高于高姿势；采用排泄物标记是鹅喉羚全发情期使用频率最高的标记行为，不同发情阶段雄羚用于领域标记的频率和持续时间亦相异。在每一次交配过程中，雄羚爬跨次数变异较大（26次至51次）。根据鹅喉羚交配时的特点以及Dewsbury和Dixson两种系统关于交配行为的分类，鹅喉羚的交配模式分别属于上述两类分类系统的第13和14种。\n本论文通过研究鹅喉羚的诸多行为，以鹅喉羚为研究对象验证“性别体二型”、“群体效应”等诸假说，丰富相关行为学理论。此外，通过开展鹅喉羚诸多行为的研究，理解鹅喉羚环境适应的行为特征，期望为该物种的保护与管理提出一些建议，避免像曾经同域分布的赛加羚羊（Saiga tatarica）和普氏野马（Equus przewalski）一样消失于这一区域。 |
| 英文摘要 | Goitered gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa) were mid-sized antelopes that live in the semi-deserts and deserts of the Asian continent. In China, the goitered gazelle is on the grade II list of state-protected animals, and they also belonging to VU species according to IUCN. From 2007, focal animal sampling method was used to investigate the time budget, rhythm, feeding behavior, vigilance behavior and rutting behavior in Kalamaili mountain ungulantes nature resever. The results as follows:\n According to our results, in all seasons Goitered gazelles spent more than half (up to 68.9%) of their daytime feeding on pastures, and more than one third resting in spring, autumn, and especially summer (up to 42.1%); in winter their resting time decreased to 29.0% for males and 19.0% for females. Though other activities were very important in the gazelles’ lives, the diurnal time budget for these activities was low (< 8.0%). Females in summer and males during rutting season devoted more significant time to other activities (suckling, moving, courting and agonistic behavior). However, the portion of time was still notably lower than for feeding and resting. It is considered that four factors influence ungulate activity budget: (a) seasonal biomass and quality, (b) temperature, (c) yearly life cycle, and (d) livestock movements and human activity.\n Three main hypotheses were tested: a. Impact effect of environmental factors on the feeding time over seasons; b. Influence of the body size dimorphism; and c. group size effect. According to our results, the seasonal factors, which contain quality and quantity of food, temperature etc., have substantial influence on the gazelle’s feeding time all over seasons. We found significant differences for feeding time among sexes only for summer (birth period) and winter (rutting time), when females had different behavior in summer because of birth and lactation period and males behaved other than females in winter because of rutting period. Whereas, such differences were not noted for sexes in spring and autumn. Therefore, the sexual size dimorphism wasn’t dominating reason which leaded to difference of feeding time between sexes. We also failed to find the distinctive impact of group size effect on the feeding time of goitered gazelles. So, we found that environmental factors and the year breeding cycle had primary impact on the feeding time of goitered gazelles.\n We tested three main hypotheses: a. Impact effect of environmental factors on the feeding time over seasons according to the optimal feeding theory; b. Influence of the body size dimorphism; and c. group size effect. According to our results, the seasonal factors, which contain quality and quantity of food, temperature etc., have substantial influence on the gazelle’s feeding time all over seasons. We found significant differences for feeding time among sexes only for summer (birth period) and winter (rutting time), when females had different behavior in summer because of birth and lactation period and males behaved other than females in winter because of rutting period. Whereas, such differences were not noted for sexes in spring and autumn. Therefore, the sexual size dimorphism wasn’t dominating reason which leaded to difference of feeding time between sexes. We also failed to find the distinctive impact of group size effect on the feeding time of goitered gazelles. So, we found that environmental factors and the year breeding cycle had primary impact on the feeding time of goitered gazelles. Furthermore, if and how group size affect other aspects of feeding behaviors (speed of feeding, ruminate etc.) need further research.\n Animals receive benefits from social behavior. As part of a group, individuals spend less time having to be vigilant. This phenomenon, called the ‘‘group size effect,’’ is considered the most dominant factor in an animal’s demonstrated level of vigilance. However, in addition to group size, many other social and environmental factors also influence the degree of vigilance, including the season of the year and the sex of the individual. In our study, we examined the vigilant behavior of goitered gazelles in the Xinjiang Province in western China to test whether and how seasons, the yearly breeding cycle, and group size affect vigilance. According to our results, we found that seasonal factors were not a substantial influence on a gazelle’s level of vigilance, while group size had a tangible effect. In comparison, the yearly breeding cycle (a natural phenomenon) was the most powerful factor: it significantly changed the degree of vigilance in females during birthing and males during rut. Anthropogenic factors (unnatural phenomena) were also potential causes of increased vigilance in both sexes during winter.\n Etheogram of goitered gazelle was established during rutting season. 23 behaviors were recorded and they were belonging to four categories, respectively: territory behaviors, aggressive behaviors, courtship display and mating behaviors. We also recorded courtship postures, described the pattern of terrority males’ behavior, pattern of aggressive and pattern of mating behaviors in detail. The rutting season was divided into two stages: preparatory and basic. Moreover, in order to compare behavior characteristics during two stages, we quantize some behavior. The results show that the frequency of lower posture is higher than high posture when males courtship females in both rutting stages. The frequency of feces mark is the highest way to mark his territory. The number of males’ mounting is fluctuate (26-51 times) during one copulation. The category of goitered gzelles’ copulation behavior is belonging to the 13 of Dewsbury system and the 14 of Dixson system, respectively.\n \n \n \n\n\nBehaviors of goitered gazelle were investigated to test “sexual dimorphism”, “group size” effect etc. Furthermore, we tried to understand how goitered gazelle adapt the envoriment according to this research. Finally, we will propose some advices on the protection of goitered gazelle; avoid appearing from this area, like saiga antilope (Saiga tatarica) and przewalski horse (Equus przewalski). |
| 中文关键词 | 鹅喉羚 ; 时间分配 ; 活动节律 ; 采食 ; 警戒 ; 发情 ; 动物保护 |
| 英文关键词 | Goietred gazelle time budget rhythm feeding behavior vigilance behavior rutting behavior protection of wildlife |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生态学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287147 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 夏参军. 鹅喉羚（Gazella subgutturosa）行为生态研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2012. |
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