Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 天山北坡玛纳斯河流域土地利用变化及其生态效应研究 | |
| 其他题名 | Land use change and its effects on ecosystem in Manas River watershed on northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains |
| 冯异星 | |
| 出版年 | 2012 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 罗格平 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 土地利用变化是全球变化研究的核心内容之一。土地利用变化的过程、趋势和驱动力及其生态效应始终是其研究重点。土地利用变化是气候、土壤、水和植被等组成的生物物理因素与人为因素共同作用的结果，它反过来会对水、碳、氮循环、生物多样性、气候变化以及社会经济可持续发展等产生深刻影响。但目前对土地利用引起的生态效应尤其是在土地利用变化如何影响陆地生态系统生产力和水碳循环方面研究基础薄弱，限制了人们全面理解土地利用对环境变化的驱动机理。 \n 自1950年代以来，干旱区大规模的水土开发，加速了以荒漠变绿洲和土地集约利用为主要特征的土地利用变化。以新疆为代表的干旱区，绿洲面积扩张了4倍以上，加剧了其对水资源的争夺，导致绿洲外围生态可用水减少，荒漠生态系统退化。在社会经济持续发展背景下，干旱区绿洲仍将进一步扩张，然而，干旱区绿洲土地利用变化及其生态环境效应的综合、定量化研究十分薄弱，尤其是在土地利用变化过程中的水、碳物质循环机理及其生态效应的模型模拟方面。\n 本文拟选择绿洲土地利用变化显著的玛纳斯绿洲为研究区，主要运用遥感、GIS技术和数理统计方法，重建了近50年的土地利用变化过程，分析了土地利用变化的特征及其对流域景观格局、生态系统服务价值和生态安全的影响。在此基础上，基于Bookkeeping经验统计模型，研究了近50年以荒漠变绿洲为主的土地覆被类型变化对碳收支的影响；基于Biome-BGC模型，构建了绿洲农业生态系统模型，分析了绿洲农业管理（灌溉和施肥等）对绿洲水碳通量的影响，较为深入的阐述了土地利用变化的生态效应。主要研究结论如下： \n 1. 玛纳斯河流域土地利用变化过程：玛纳斯河流域1962年以来耕地和建设用地持续增加，面积分别增加3438.27km2和307.43 km2，其中又以建设用地“涨势”最为显著，趋势指数达到0.83，全时段土地利用变化处于准平衡态，双向转换频繁。 \n 2. 农业管理对绿洲净初级生产力的影响：1962-2008年间玛纳斯河流域绿洲NPP由0.98×106 t增加到3.58×106 t，46年间NPP净增2.6×106 t。情景模拟显示，气候条件不变、农业管理措施影响下的绿洲NPP变化量占自然状况下NPP净增总量的40.63%，结果表明灌溉和施肥是引起玛纳斯河流域绿洲NPP变化的主要原因。 \n 3. 土地覆被类型变化对碳收支的影响：1962-2008年间，玛纳斯河流域中下游土地覆被类型变化导致土壤碳储量增加5.65×106 t，植被碳储量增加0.35×106 t，总碳储量增加6.0×106 t。玛纳斯河流域碳收支与土地覆被类型变化密切相关，特别是荒漠草地和未利用地转变为耕地导致的碳吸收占研究区碳净变化量比例较高，土地覆被变化对玛纳斯河流域中下游碳收支具有支配性作用。 \n 4. 土地利用变化对景观格局的影响：1962-2008年间，玛纳斯河流域景观多样性指数上升而优势度指数下降，相应指数分别由1.2568上升到1.4358和由0.5350下降到0.3559。土地利用变化深刻影响流域景观格局，特别是未利用地减少和耕地增加显著改变流域景观多样性和优势度，而人类对土地利用程度不断提高导致的景观破碎度增强同样证实人类活动对景观格局的强烈干扰。 \n 5. 土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响：1976-2008年间玛纳斯河流域总生态服务价值由1.74×1010元下降到1.70×1010元，减少2.23%，主要是由草地大量减少所致；生态服务功能中废物处理、水源涵养、土壤形成与保护和生物多样性保护比例较高，总和超过总价值的70%；生态价值较高的区域分布在流域南部山区，而价值等级低的区域位于北部沙漠区。 \n 6. 土地利用变化对生态安全的影响：玛纳斯河流域土地利用程度稳定上升，流域生态安全状况整体好转，生态安全指数由5.009上升到5.063；土地利用程度在Ⅳ和Ⅴ级（综合指数在26-65）的生态系统较安全，土地利用程度太高或太低导致生态安全高等级区域显著减少；Ⅴ级土地利用程度区（林地和草地）是生态恢复和重建的首选和重要组成部分，而沙地则是流域生态环境综合治理的难题和关键。 |
| 英文摘要 | Land use change is one of the key research topics in the global change study. The processes, trends, driving forces and their ecological effects of land use change have always been the focus of global change research. Land use change is the interacting result of climate, soil, water, vegetation and human activities, which in turn could profoundly influence water, carbon, nitrogen cycle, biodiversity, climate change and sustainable social and economic development. However, the ecological effects caused by land use change haven’t been well studied, especially for the terrestrial ecosystem productivity and water carbon cycle, which limits the ability of people to fully understand the driving mechanism of land use change on the environment. \n Since 1950s, large-scale land and water resources exploration in arid areas accelerated the transformation of desert to oasis and the intensive use of land. In Xinjiang, the typical arid area in China, the oasis expanded more than four times, which intensified their competition for water and resulted in the ecological water resources reduction of peripheal oases and the degradation of desert ecosystem. Oases will continue to expand if economy remains developing. However, the quantitative and integrative reasearch on land use change in oases and its eco-environmental effects is limited, especially on the mechanism of water, carbon cycle and ecosystem impact modelling. \n The study area of this research is the Manas oasis which has experienced significant land use change. The last 50 years land use change processes were reconstructed by employing remote-sensing, GIS, statistics and biogeochemistry model; the impacts of land use change on landscape pattern, ecosystem services value, ecosystem security were systematically analyzed using remote sensing, GIS technology and statistics. Based on Biome-BGC, we generated oases agricultural ecosystem model, and analyzed the effects of irrigation and fertilization on carbon and water flux of oases ecosystem. Main conclusions are as follows: \n 1. Land use change processes of Manas river watershed: the cultivated land and construction land have been increasing 3438.27 km2 and 307.43 km2 respectively since 1962; construction land increased most with a 0.83 trend index; land use change was in equilibrium at full time scale, and the two direction conversion was frequently. \n 2. Agricultural managements effects on net primary productivity: NPP increased from 0.98×106 t to 3.58×106 t from the year of 1962 to 2008, scenarios simulation showed that under unchanged climate condition, agricultural management could increase NPP by 40.63%, which indicates irrigation and fertilization were the he main driving forces of the NPP change. \n 3. Land cover change effects on carbon balance: the land use change in middle and lower reaches of Manas river in the period of 1962-2008 led to a 5.65×106 t increase in soil organic carbon pool, a 0.35×106 t in vegetation carbon pool, a 6.0×106 t increase in total carbon pool; land use change was the dominant influencing factor of the regional carbon balance, especially the conversion of unused land and desert grassland to cultivated land, which caused huge carbon sequestration. Land cover change has a dominant role in carbon budget in the middle and lower reaches of the Manas River. \n 4. Land use change effects on landscape pattern: from 1962 to 2008, landscape diversity index increased (1.2568 to 1.4358) while dominance index decreased (0.5350 to 0.3559) in Manas River watershed; land use change had a profound impact on watershed landscape pattern, especially the reduction of unused land and increase of cultivated land had significantly changed the landscape diversity index and dominance index; enhanced human land use led to the increased landscape fragmentation, which confirming the strong interference of human activities on the landscape pattern. \n 5. Land use change effects on ecosystem service value: ecosystem service value decreased from 1.74 ×1010 to1.70×1010 Yuan from 1976 to 2008, which was mainly caused by huge reduction of grassland; waste treatment, water conservation, soil formation, biodiversity conservation and protection made the largest part in ecosystem services function (more than 70%); the regions with higher ecosystem service value located in the southern mountainous area while lower ones in the northern desert. \n 6. Land use change effects on ecological security: land use degree increased gradually, and the ecological security situation improved with ecological security increased from 5.009 to 5.063; the ecosystem under Ⅳ and V degrees of land use is safer, while higher or lower degrees caused the area reduction of higher ecosystem security regions; woodland and grassland are the preferred and important parts for ecological restoration and reconstruction, desert is the key to the comprehensive management of the ecological environment. |
| 中文关键词 | 土地利用变化 ; 景观格局 ; 生态系统服务价值 ; 生态安全 ; 碳收支 ; NPP ; Biome-BGC ; Bookkeeping |
| 英文关键词 | land use change landscape pattern ecosystem services value ecological security carbon balance NPP Biome-BGC Bookkeeping |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 地图学与地理信息系统 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287132 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 冯异星. 天山北坡玛纳斯河流域土地利用变化及其生态效应研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2012. |
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