Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 干旱荒漠区资源型城市生态环境敏感性研究-以克拉玛依市为例 | |
| 其他题名 | Study of Ecological Environmental Sensitivity of Resource City in Arid Desert Area – Taking Karamay area as a Case |
| 潘峰 | |
| 出版年 | 2012 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 田长彥 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 克拉玛依市是建立在干旱荒漠生态系统中，依托油田勘探与开发发展起来的典型资源型城市，是我国石油石化工业的重要基地，其发展目标是：建设成为国家陆上石油工业发展最现实的战略接替区、天山北坡经济带区域性中心城市和国家生态城市。由于克拉玛依地处干旱荒漠生态脆弱地带，加上区域气候、地理、水文以及人类活动综合影响，导致了克拉玛依生态环境问题十分严重。尤其是油田开采在带来巨大经济效益的同时，对原本十分脆弱的生态环境产生了胁迫，引起了经济发展与生态环境保护不协调的问题。\n \n生态环境敏感性是指生态环境复合系统对自然环境变化和人类活动干扰的反映程度，说明发生区域生态环境问题的难易程度和可能性大小。生态环境敏感性研究是生态环境科学研究和应用实践中的一项重要工作，通过该工作的开展，可以定量评价区域生态环境的敏感性，对敏感性等级进行区域划分，从而帮助决策者科学确定区域生态环境发展中的潜在敏感性区域，为区域生态环境保护规划的制定提供科学依据和针对性的生态环境保护对策。\n \n本论文在国家公益性行业（农业）科研专项（200903001）和中央资金专项业务费项目“区域和行业重大发展战略环境评价”的联合资助下，进行了克拉玛依生态环境敏感性和生态环境保护规划的理论、方法和实证研究，从克拉玛依大尺度（区域）和克拉玛依小尺度（城市）两种空间尺度上开展生态环境敏感性研究，并依据该研究成果，开展克拉玛依区域生态环境区划和保护对策研究，研究成果对干旱荒漠区资源型城市的生态环境保护具有一定的指导意义。\n \n论文取得的创新性研究成果如下：\n \n（1）构建了市（县）一级生态环境敏感性研究的指标体系。论文在系统研读国内外生态环境敏感性研究成果基础上，针对市（县）尺度生态敏感性研究缺乏等问题，以新疆克拉玛依市为研究区域，从生态环境敏感性评价指标体系构建、评价标准制定、敏感性等级划分等方面科学构建了生态环境敏感性研究的指标体系。\n \n（2）建立了市（县）一级生态环境敏感性评价的方法体系。本研究利用文献调研、野外考察与室内分析、层次分析与专家分析等方法为基础，利用“3S”技术（GIS-地理信息系统、RS-遥感、GPS-全球定位系统）为支撑，尤其是地理信息系统（GIS）的空间分析、栅格运算与空间叠加等方法，针对市（县）一级生态敏感性研究的迫切需要，提出了单指标生态环境敏感性和综合生态环境敏感性评价方法，形成了具有较强操作性的评价方法体系。\n \n（3）开展了克拉玛依大尺度（区域）生态环境敏感性研究。针对克拉玛依市土壤侵蚀、土地沙漠化、土壤盐渍化和生物多样性减少等区域自然环境演变过程中出现的生态问题，考虑油田开发这一人类活动影响因素，定量研究克拉玛依市生态敏感性空间特征。综合自然演化和人为开发的敏感性研究表明：极高敏感性区域分布在克拉玛依区中部和北部，白碱滩区西南部区域，面积约454.63 km2；高度敏感区分布在克拉玛依区中部和北部，白碱滩区西南部区域，面积约2403.18 km2；中度敏感区广泛分布在乌尔禾区，克拉玛依区，白碱滩区的非高度敏感区和独山子区大部分区域，面积约1132.40 km2；轻度敏感区分布在乌尔禾区中部，白碱滩区东北部，克拉玛依区东部和南部，独山子区中北部，面积约1472.70 km2。极高敏感性区域不适宜开发，要予以严格保护，并加以治理；对高敏感性区域，要限制土地开发，提高生态系统多样性和稳定性。\n \n（4）开展了克拉玛依小尺度（城市）生态环境敏感性研究。以克拉玛依大区域生态环境敏感性为基础，进一步关注人类活动频繁的城市地区生态环境敏感性问题，从环境保护学的角度，分析土壤环境、地表水环境、大气环境和声环境的现状；从生态学的角度，指出城市存在的人口、土地利用结构和生境等主要问题。在综合评价过程中，针对环境污染问题，选取了土壤、地表水、大气和声4个指标，针对生态结构压力过大，选取了人口密度、土地利用和生态功能区3个指标。城市综合生态环境敏感性研究结果表明：高度敏感区占2％，主要分布在克拉玛依区和乌尔禾区，克拉玛依区是克拉玛依市的商业和政治中心地段，也是克拉玛依市生态压力最大，环境污染相对较小的地区；中度敏感区占4％，主要分布于高度敏感区的周边地带，轻度敏感区占31%，主要分布于白碱滩区的老工业地区；不敏感区占64％，主要是一些新开发的区域，如独山子区等。\n \n（5）基于克拉玛依大尺度（区域）生态环境敏感性研究，完成了大尺度（区域）生态功能区划。根据不同地区土地利用方式、生态环境状况、区域环境问题的严重程度以及不同生态环境问题的组合方式将克拉玛依市的生态功能区划分为两个等级。其中，一级生态区划包括4个基本单元，二级生态功能区包括37个基本单元。针对每个分区提出了相应的环境保护对策，有利于协调土地利用与生态环境建设，合理开发利用和保护生态环境脆弱区土地资源，有利于科学调整土地利用结构和布局，有效进行环境管理、改善区域生态环境，实现区域经济、社会和环境的和谐与人类可持续发展提供必要的科学支撑。\n \n（6）基于克拉玛依小尺度（城市）生态环境敏感性研究，提出了小尺度（城市）生态环境保护对策。论文主要对克拉玛依城市土壤、水、大气、噪声、土地利用等，从环境保护目标、环境保护规划以及环境保护措施3个方面提出了环境保护的对策，该对策对克拉玛依这一干旱荒漠区资源型城市的生态环境保护具有重要意义。 |
| 英文摘要 | Karamay City is a typical mining city, relying on oilfield exploration and development. After 60 years of construction and development, Karamay has become the first large oilfield and an important base of the national petroleum and petrochemical industry in China. Due to special drought and desert system, adverse ecologic environment, hydrologic, geographic effects and human activities, the environment problem of Karamay becomes quite serious. Especially when oil deposit exploration brings enormous economic benefits, it threats the fragile ecologic environment significantly. The inharmonious between the economic development and ecologic environment emerged. \n\nEcological sensitivity refers to the change in degree of ecological systems from the influence of natural environmental changes and human activities, indicating the possibility of regional ecological environmental problems occurring. It is an important work in research and practice of ecological environmental science. The sensitive areas can be confirmed during the work through ecological sensitivity evaluation and division of levels of sensitivity. These may help decision makers to confirm the potential sensitive areas during districts environmental development, which can provide scientific references and pertinence to ecological environmental protection. \n\nUnder the financial support of National Public Welfare Industry (agriculture) Scientific Research Special Program (200903001) and national capital special fund program “Environmental Evaluation of Regional and Industrial Significant Development Strategy”, this paper carried out a research of ecological sensitivity and planning in terms of theory, method and evidence. The ecological sensitivity research was conducted from two spaces—large Karamay region and Karamay city. Besides, the research on ecological district plan and ecological protection also plays an important role on the ecological protection of this region. \n\nThe mainly research results are:\n\n(1)The theory system of ecological environmental sensitivity research in city (or county) was constructed. Since there were lacking environmental sensitivity researches targeted on city (or county), the theory system was less perfect. Based on the ecological environmental sensitivity researches of the world, this paper investigated Karamay, Xinjiang and established theory system of ecological environmental sensitivity research from constructing environmental sensitivity indexes, setting evaluating standard and dividing sensitivity grades.\n\n (2)The evaluating method of ecological environmental sensitivity research in city (or county) was established. Based on literature survey, outdoor investigation and indoor analysis, gradation and experts’ analysis, this research uses “3S” technology (GIS, RS and GPS), especially the spatial analysis of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), grid computing and space overlay techniques. Aim at the sore need of ecological environmental sensitivity research in city (or county), we put forward two ways of evaluation: single factor ecological environmental sensitivity and integrated ecological environmental sensitivity.\n\n(3)We conducted ecological environmental sensitivity research of Karamay in a large scale. Considering the effect of oil-field development and aiming at the ecological problems of the Karamay area in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, we conducted research on the spatial characteristics of the comprehensive ecological sensitivity of Karamay. The ecological problems of natural environment evolution include soil erosion, land desertification, soil salinization, and biodiversity reduction. Research on the sensitivity of integrated natural evolution and human development showed that: extremely high sensitive areas distribute in the north and central of Karamay, southwest of Baijiantan, about 454.63 km2, high sensitive areas located at the north and central of Karamay, southwest of Baijiantan, about 2403.18 km2, medium sensitive areas largely in Wuerhe, Karamay and Baijiantan and most of Dushanzi, around 1132.40 km2, low sensitivity areas distribute in the middle of Wuerhe, northeast of Baijiantan, east and south of Karamay and north-central of Dushanzi, approximately 1472.70 km2. Extremely high sensitive areas are not suitable for development which should be strictly protected and governed; high sensitive areas were limit to land development, focused on improving ecosystem diversity and stability.\n\n (4)The ecological environmental sensitivity research of Karamay was also carried out from small scale. The authors concerned about ecological environmental sensitivity in metropolitans based on ecological environmental sensitivity in Karamay. From the aspect of environmental protection science, the status quo of soil, surface water, atmospheric and acoustic environment have been analyzed. From ecology, the city ecologic environment has problems such as population, land usage structure and ecological functional conservation area. In the process of general evaluation, the environmental pollution chooses soil, surface water, atmosphere and voice as four indexes. Aiming at the excessive pressure of ecological structure, population density, land utilization and ecological functional districts are chosen as three indexes. The result of ecological environmental sensitivity research indicated that, high sensitive areas account for 2%, mainly in Karamay and Wuerhe, the district of Karamay was the center of commerce and politics in Karamay, with the heaviest ecological pressure and relatively light pollution. Medium sensitive areas constituted 4%, largely distributed around the high sensitive areas. The light ones taked up to31%, which mainly located in the old manufacturing districts of Baijiantan. Non-sensitive areas account for 64%, newly developed districts such as Dushanzi were dominant. \n\n (5) Based on ecological environmental sensitivity in Karamay, the division of ecological function districts in Karamay was finished broadly, According to land usage in different districts, condition of ecological environment, seriousness of district environment problems and various combinations of different ecological environment problems, the ecological function districts of Karamay are divided into two levels. The first level includes 4 elementary units; the second one has 37 elementary units. Furthermore, this paper also provides the relevant countermeasures of environmental protection, these are not only beneficial to coordinate land usage and ecological environment protection, develop and protect fragile land researches in ecological protection zone to a reasonable degree; but to adjust land utilized structure and distribution. In order to manage the environment effectively, improve district ecological environment, and realize the harmony between district economy, society and environment even provide the necessary scientific support to human sustainable development.\n\n(6)According to the ecological environmental sensitivity research of Karamay, protection of small-scale (city) ecological environment was provided. From the following aspects: soil, water, atmosphere and acoustics and land utilization, the paper put forward countermeasures to the target, planning and measures of environmental protection, which had significant impact on Karamay environmental protection.\n\n \n\nKey words: ecological sensitivity, division of ecological function, geographic information system, Karamay city, Xinjiang. |
| 中文关键词 | 生态环境敏感性 ; 生态功能区划 ; 地理信息系统 ; 克拉玛依 ; 新疆 |
| 英文关键词 | ecological sensitivity division of ecological function geographic information system Karamay city Xinjiang. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生态学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287125 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 潘峰. 干旱荒漠区资源型城市生态环境敏感性研究-以克拉玛依市为例[D]. 中国科学院大学,2012. |
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