Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 根灌土壤水分动态与高效灌溉制度研究 | |
| 其他题名 | Research on the Dynamics of Soil Water Content and High-Effective Irrigation Schedule under Root-Zone Irrigation |
| 鲍忠文 | |
| 出版年 | 2012 |
| 学位类型 | 硕士 |
| 导师 | 杜虎林 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 新疆塔里木农垦区深居内陆，降水稀少，蒸发强烈，水资源供需矛盾突出，属于典型的“荒漠绿洲、灌溉农业”。为保障农业生产和农民经济收入，滴灌技术在红枣、香梨、棉花等经济作物中大面积应用，该技术在一定程度上缓解农业用水压力，保障农民的经济收益。但滴灌无法避免地面灌溉技术的不足，在滴头附近依然存在一定面积的地表湿润周，由于塔里木盆地强烈的土壤蒸发潜力，在湿润周内存在强烈的土壤蒸发，进而降低滴灌灌溉水资源的利用效率。鉴于滴灌技术的不足，为充分利用滴灌技术优势，改进其不足，本文开展基于滴灌系统设施的根灌节水技术研究。根灌，是一种依托于传统滴灌设施、采用导水管将从地表滴灌毛管滴头流出的灌溉水分直接输送至植物根系所在深度的土壤层，以实现灌溉水分低蒸发损耗、甚至无蒸发损耗的新型节水技术。本文于2011年以新疆生产建设兵团农二师33团18连李维莲同志所承包的红枣生态经济林为试验区域，试验枣树为2 a骏枣与灰枣混合种植，建立红枣根灌试验区，架设农田微气象监测系统，从3月至11月开展农田气象数据采集与根灌、滴灌对比试验研究，以掌握根灌土壤水分运移规律、根灌节水机理以及红枣需水规律与灌溉制度。研究所得出的主要结论有：\n (1) 不同的土壤剖面与初始土壤水分分布特征，根灌土壤水分运移规律有着显著的区别：对于土壤剖面组成较为简单且导水能力强的土壤（如砂土），根灌能够显著提高根灌土壤层的含水率，而避免在地表形成湿润周；对于“上沙下粘”的复杂土壤而言，根灌水分运移特征较为复杂，呈现自地下向地表直接运移的现象。\n (2) 不同土壤质地，根灌、滴灌技术对比，差异程度不同，然而，采用微型蒸渗仪测定根灌、滴灌土壤蒸发量，结果表明，即使是“上沙下粘”的复杂土壤类型，同等条件下，根灌依然能够缓解滴灌50%的土壤蒸发量，这就是滴灌可进一步被提升、利用的节水空间。\n (3) 根据实际观测，红枣生长季节与时间范围大概可以分为：复苏期（5月之前）、萌芽期（5月至6月中旬）、盛花期（6月中旬至7月）、坐果期（8月）、果实膨大期以及果实成熟期（9月至11月）。采用FAO-56报告推荐的Penman-Monteith方程估算2011年5月至10月中旬参考作物日耗水量，分析得出试验区红枣耗水规律：在萌芽、盛花以及坐果期内，其需水量为4 - 7 mm；在果实膨大及成熟期内，其需水量为2 - 4 mm。\n (4) 根据红枣需水规律，结合当地管理者的灌溉经验，初步制定红枣根灌灌溉制度为：灌溉定额为5040 m3/hm2，灌水定额为360 m3/hm2，4月底进行春灌，萌芽、盛花期灌溉周期为11 d，果实膨大及成熟期灌溉周期为9 d，11月进行冬灌。整个生育期内滴灌14 次，漫灌2 次。 |
| 英文摘要 | The land reclamation district in Tarim basin of Xinjiang deeply locates in the hinterland of Northwest China. In this agricultural site, the precipitation is quite rare, the potential evaporation is very serious and the conflict between supply and demand of water resources is prominent. That is the reason why this place typically belongs to “Desert Oasis and irrigation agriculture”. In order to maintain the agricultural production and the economical profit of the farmers, the drip irrigation (DI) is widely applied in the economical crops such as red jujube, bergamot pear, cotton, etc. Actually, DI softens the water pressure from agricultural demand to some extent, which ensures the farmers’ profit. However, DI can not avoid the disadvantages of the surface irrigation techniques; that is, there would exist some wetting perimeter on the soil surface around the surface emitters. Under this condition, due to the severe potential soil evaporation in Tarim basin, there is huge evaporation from the wetting perimeter, which would decrease the water use efficiency of DI system. Considering the shortages of DI, to fully utilize the advantages of DI and overcome its disadvantages, we conducted the technical research on water-saving of root-zone irrigation (RZI) adopting the facilities of DI system. RZI, which replies on the traditional DI facilities and makes use of water-transference tube to directly transfer the irrigation water to the depth where the roots of the plants locates, is a new water-saving technique which could make the water loss through evaporation into a low level or zero level. In this study, we selected the ecological economic forest of red jujube contracted by Li Weilian (a female staff in Even 18, Regiment 32, Agricultural Division 2 of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps ) as the experimental area in 2011. The experimental red jujube is composed by 2 a “Junzao” and “Huizao”. In this site, we established the experimental site of RZI and founded the agricultural meteorological monitoring system which collected the meteorological data from March to November. Besides, the contrasting experiments between RZI and DI were carried during this period. All the collected data were adopted to master the water transferring law of soil water content under RZI, the water-saving mechanism under RZI, the pattern of water demand of red jujube and the related irrigation schedule under RZI. \n The main results are as follows:\n (1) Due to the different Soil profile features and distributing characteristics of initial soil water content, the water transferring law of soil water content under RZI varies greatly. For the simple soil types and high hydraulic characteristics such as sandy soil, RZI could notably improve the soil water content of the soil layer where the emitters of RZI located. While, at the same time, for the complicated soil types such as “Top layer is sandy while below layer is silty”, the water movement of RZI, which transfer from the underground to the soil surface, is quite complicated to describe.\n (2) The difference between RZI and DI varies greatly due to the different soil types. We utilized micro-lysimeters to measure the soil evaporation of RZI and DI during the experimental time. The result showed that, even to the complicated soil type such as “Top layer is sandy while below layer is silty”, under the same outside environment, RZI could soften the half of soil evaporation under DI, which is the water-saving space that could be improved for the DI technique.\n (3) According to the actual observation in the field site, the growing seasons and its time scales could be divided into five to six seasons: recovery period (before May), forming period (May to mid June), bloom period (mid June to July), fruit period (August), the period of fruit expansion and fruit mature (September to November). We used Penman-Monteith recommended in FAO-56 report to calculate the daily water consumption of reference crops from May to mid-October in 2011 and analyzed the water consumption of red jujube for the experimental site: from May to August, the daily water consumption of red jujube is 4 – 7 mm, while from September to November, the daily water consumption is 2 – 4 mm.\n (4) According to the law of water consumption of red jujube and the irrigation experience of the local managers, we preliminarily formulated the irrigation schedule of red jujube under RZI: The total irrigation quota is 5040 m3/hm2, and the times irrigation quota is 360 m3/hm2. In the late April, spring irrigation of the red jujube would be implemented and in November, the winter irrigation would be implemented. For the forming and blooming stages, the irrigation period is 11 d while for the fruit expansion and mature stages, the irrigation period is 9 d. During the whole growing period, DI system would be used to irrigate the crops for 14 times while flood irrigation would be used for two times at the beginning of forming stage and at the end of the fruit mature stage. |
| 中文关键词 | 根灌 ; 滴灌 ; 土壤水分 ; 土壤蒸发 |
| 英文关键词 | root-zone irrigation drip irrigation soil water content soil evaporation |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 自然地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287082 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 鲍忠文. 根灌土壤水分动态与高效灌溉制度研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2012. |
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