Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 西北典型荒漠植物对盐碱胁迫的适应及盐碱土改良研究 | |
| 其他题名 | Studies on the adaptation of typical desert plant to salt stress and improvement of saline soils on Northwest China |
| 王芳 | |
| 出版年 | 2012 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 肖洪浪 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 全世界盐渍土约占土地总面积的25%，水-盐胁迫是人类面临的一个世界性问题。随着人口、资源、环境矛盾日趋尖锐，土壤-植被系统适应水盐胁迫已经成为学科发展的重点之一。我国西北内陆干旱区广泛分布着大面积的盐渍土和盐生植被，如何高效利用，缓解人口与资源的矛盾，已成为一个重要课题和研究方向，以典型盐生植物为材料进行抗盐碱生理研究，对于揭示土壤-植被系统对盐碱混合胁迫的适应机制及盐渍土的生物学治理均具有重要意义。\n本文以我国西北干旱区的典型荒漠盐生植物红砂为研究对象，研究了不同地理环境红砂群落结构和养分动态特征、盐胁迫对红砂种子萌发的分异、盐胁迫下红砂的生理生态表征及荒漠绿洲区盐渍土的改良应用，以掌握盐生植物对盐碱土的适应机理及改良应用策略，为西北干旱区盐渍土壤的生物修复和开发利用提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下：\n1、盐胁迫下红砂的生理生态表征\n红砂的个体大小与冠幅有十分密切的关系，与植株高度相关不明显。红砂4个不同生境土壤全盐量的大小顺序是：营盘水＜皋兰＜白银＜孪井滩。离子含量基本都随土壤全盐量的增加而增加。pH随采样点土壤中HCO3-含量比例的减小逐渐减小。除白银土壤有机质和全氮含量高于皋兰外，其他采样点有机质和全氮基本随采样点由南到北的顺序逐渐减小。全磷含量与有机质和全氮的变化趋势基本相同，都是随采样点由南到北的顺序逐渐减小。土壤养分与土壤含盐量显著负相关。红砂群落植物多样性与土壤含盐量没有显著相关性。\n红砂叶片的光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化规律相似，均为双峰型，光合有明显的“午休”现象。红砂Pm和Ek的变化趋势一致。孪井滩红砂有更广的光适应范围和较强的耐受强光能力，它能经受的光照强度较高，在高光的情况下依然能够保持较高的电子传递速率，光合机构不会因为强光而受到伤害。白银和皋兰红砂不耐强光，在较低的光强下其电子传递速率已达最大。营盘水的红砂对光能利用能力最高。孪井滩红砂光能利用效率不高。随着NaCl胁迫时间的增加，红砂叶片Na+、Mg2+含量基本都表现为先增加后降低的趋势。K+和K+/Na+随胁迫时间的增加先减小后增加。但是随着NaCl浓度的增加，红砂叶片中各离子含量表现出的规律性不强。随着NaCl胁迫时间的增加，红砂叶片MDA含量增加后降低，脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量逐渐增加。随着胁迫时间的增加，红砂的SOD活性不断升高，而CAT和POD活性随胁迫时间的增加先升高后降低。\n2、盐胁迫对红砂种子萌发的分异\n红砂种子发芽率和出苗率均随盐浓度的增大不断下降，达到最大发芽率的时间向后延迟。碱性盐对红砂种子的发芽率抑制比较明显。红砂种子发芽速度随盐浓度的增大迅速下降。在碱性盐和高浓度中性盐胁迫下出现许多畸形苗，其中以无胚根有胚芽者居多。红砂种子胚根长度及胚芽的长度随盐浓度的增加而减小。混合盐胁迫下，适当的盐胁迫和增加pH值会促进胚芽的生长。回归分析结果表明，对于红砂种子发芽率来说，盐浓度是抑制红砂种子萌发的决定性主导因素。然而，在种子胚生长过程中，盐度、缓冲量和pH均有不同程度的作用，其中盐度重要性最大。盐胁迫使红砂种子出苗时间集中，浓度越大，出苗也越集中。\n3、荒漠区盐渍土的改良应用\n盐化草甸经过合理种植利用后，砂粒含量随种植年限的增加先增加后降低；未种植利用的土壤各级机械组成差异较小，种植利用后差异相对增加；下层土壤的粘粒含量高于上层。研究区土壤容重随种植利用年限的增加先增加后降低；土壤pH总体呈减小趋势。除速效钾外，土壤养分均随着种植利用年限的增加而逐渐增加。土壤全盐量和电导率随种植利用年限的增加迅速减小；表层土壤的全盐量明显高于下层。表层土壤有机质、碱解氮、全磷和速效磷与土壤含盐量呈显著负相关关系，相反地，土壤速效钾、粉粒、pH和电导率均与土壤含盐量呈显著正相关关系。本研究结果表明，盐渍土经合理种植利用后土壤理化性质有显著的改善，土壤含盐量显著降低。 |
| 英文摘要 | The saline soil accounts for about 25% of the world’s total land area, and the water-salt stress is a worldwide problem that humans face. With the sharp increase of conflicts among the population, resources, and environments, the adaption of soil-vegetation system to water-salt stress has become one of the several key points in the discipline development. Large saline soil and halophytic vegetation are widely distributed in the arid area of northwest China, and how to efficiently utilize the resource to relieve the contradiction between population and resources has become an important research topic. To study the Alkali-resistant physiology by using typical halophytic plant as the material is of significant importance in revealing adaptive mechanism of soil-vegetation system on saline-alkaline mixed stress and biological control of saline soil.\nIn order to better understand the mechanism of halophytes adaptation to the saline-alkali soil and application strategy, this paper used Reaumuria songarica, a typical desert halophyte in the arid area of northwest China, as the research object to study the community structure and nutrient dynamic characteristics of Reaumuria songarica in different geographical environments, the effect of salt stress on seed germination differentiation, the physiological and ecological features of Reaumuria songarica under salt stress, and the saline soil amelioration and application in oasis region. The results of this study will provide useful scientific basis for the bioremediation and utilization of saline soil in northwest China. The main research results were as follows:\n1. Physiological and ecological characteristics of Reaumuria songarica under salt stress.\n The individual size of Reaumuria songarica is closely related to the crown size, while not significantly related to the plant height. The order of soil total-salt content in five different geographic populations of Reaumuria songarica is: Yingpanshui< Gaolan< Baiying< Luanjingtan. Ion content basically increases with the increase of soil total-salt content, and PH gradually decreases with the decrease of HCO3-content ratio in soil at the sampling points. Soil organic matter content and total nitrogen at Baiyin sampling site are higher than those at Gaolan, while at all other sampling sites, organic matter content and total nitrogen gradually reduce from south to north. The trend of total phosphorus is basically the same as organic matter and total nitrogen, also gradually reduces from south to north. The increase of organic matter content in soil is due to growth of salt tolerant plants in saline soil. Total nitrogen content of soil under brushwood is significantly higher than the soil without brushwood. There is a significantly negative relationship between soil nutrient and soil salt content.\nThe daily variations of the photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of Reaumuria songarica leaves are very similar, both of which are double-peak type, and photosynthesis has obvious "break" phenomenon. The change trend of Pm and Ek of Reaumuria songarica is consistent. Reaumuria songarica in Luanjingtan possess a broader light adoption and higher strong light-resistance, and it can tolerate high illumination strength and still maintain higher electronic transferring rate under the condition of high light, and strong light can not affect the photosynthetic apparatus. Reaumuria songarica at Baiyin and Gaolan are not resistant to strong light, and electron transfer rate has reached its maximum at low light intensity. The highest utilization rate of the light energy of Reaumuria songarica is in Yingpanshui, while it is relatively low in Luanjingtan With the increase of NaCl stress time, Na+and Mg2+ content in the leaves of Reaumuria songarica first increased and then decreased. With the increase of the stress time, K+ and K+ / Na+ first decreased and then increased, but with the increase of NaCl concentration, there is no strong regularity of the ion content in leaves of Reaumuria songarica. With NaCl stress time passing by, the MDA content in leaves increased and then decreased, and proline and soluble sugar content gradually increased. In addition, with the increase of the stress time, SOD activity continuously rose, but CAT and POD activity first increased and then reduced.\n2. Effect of salt stress on the seed germination differentiation\nRate of germination and emergence of Reaumuria songarica seed continuously decrease with the increase of salinity, and the time of achieving maximal germination rate is delayed. The speed of Reaumuria songarica seed germination quickly dropped with the increase of the salt concentration. Alkaline salt obviously restrict germination rate of Reaumuria songarica seed. Under alkaline salt and high-concentration neutral salt tress, many deformed seedlings appeared, and most of the seedlings only had germ but not radicle. Length of radicle and germ of Reaumuria songarica seed decrease with the increase of salt concentration, but under the stress of mixed salt, the appropriate salt stress and increase of pH value would promote the growth of the germ. The results of regression analysis showed that salt concentration was the dominant and decisive factor in inhibiting the seed germination rate of Reaumuria songarica. However, in the process of embryo growth, salinity, cushioning quantity and pH had different degrees of function, and among which, salinity played the most important role. Salt stress caused the concentrated emerging time of Reaumuria songarica, and the greater the concentration was, the more concentrated emergence was.\n3. Saline soil amelioration and application in desert region\nAfter cultivation, with the increase of cultivation years, clay content increased first and then decreased, and had more different after cultivation. Sub-soil had more clay than top-soil. Soil bulk density had the same trend with clay. Soil pH decreased with the increase of cultivation years. Soil nutrient content increased first and then decreased with the increase of cultivation years except for available K. Total salt content significantly decreased with the increase of cultivation years. Top-soil had more total salt content than sub-soil. There was nigative correlation between the content of soil oganic mater, available N, tolal P, available P and total salt content. On the contrary, there was positive correlation between the content of soil available K, clay, pH, EC and total salt content. The reaserch showed that after resenable cultivation, soil total salt content decreased significantly, and soil physical and chemical properties significantly improved. |
| 中文关键词 | 红砂 ; 土壤含盐量 ; 土壤养分 ; 盐胁迫 ; 发芽 ; 出苗 ; 光合荧光 |
| 英文关键词 | Reaumuria songarica soil salt content soil nutrient salt stress germination emergence photosynthesis and fluorescence |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 自然地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287073 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 王芳. 西北典型荒漠植物对盐碱胁迫的适应及盐碱土改良研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2012. |
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