Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 中国蛇亚目物种多样性分布格局与生态因子的关系 | |
| 其他题名 | Distribution Patterns in Species Diversity of Snakes in China and Their Relationships to the Ecological Factors |
| 蔡波 | |
| 出版年 | 2012 |
| 学位类型 | 硕士 |
| 导师 | 王跃招 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 物种多样性大尺度分布格局成因是生态学和生物地理学研究重要目标之一。生态假说在解释物种多样性分布格局的成因上受到广泛关注，同时人类活动对生物多样性的影响也受到强烈关注。中国蛇类物种丰富，受人类威胁程度高，但其物种多样性分布格局研究很少。因此，本文分别基于50km、100km、200km和400km空间分辨率尺度研究中国蛇类物种多样性分布格局，并结合生态假说和人类影响因子探讨影响蛇类分布格局的因素。\n结果表明：\n(1) 中国蛇类物种多样性在四个尺度的经度、纬度、海拔上呈现多峰分布格局。\n(2) 在50km、100km、200km、400km四个尺度中平均物种丰富度分别为1.970±6.033、5.744±10.692、12.623±17.556、22.163±25.966。物种丰富度最高的地区在东洋界亚热带、热带地区，如横断山脉南部、南岭、武夷山脉、大娄山-巫山山脉、青藏高原东南缘、秦岭-大巴山脉、藏南河谷(雅鲁藏布江下游地区)等地；丰富度低的地区在青藏高原、北方草原荒漠地区，相对低的地区在黄淮平原、两湖平原、鄱阳湖平原等地。\n(3) 研究中Moran’s I指数表明蛇类物种多样性存在空间相关，而使用空域文件能有效降低空间相关，因此，多元回归分析结果在50km、100km、200km、400km四个尺度中分别解释了26.1%、58.5%、89.4%、117.7%的蛇类物种多样性的变化。400km尺度的蛇类多样性数据不适合采用多元回归分析研究中国蛇类物种多样性分布格局。\n(4) 在所研究蛇类物种多样性分布格局的强影响因子中，年温差和归一化植被指数分别在三个尺度对蛇类物种多样性有显著负影响和显著正影响；潮湿天数(200km)、年最高温(200km)、最冷季降水量(100km、200km)、潜在蒸散量(200km)在大尺度上有显著正影响，等温性(100km、200km)、年温差(100km、200km)在大尺度上有显著负影响。生态因子更多在较大尺度上有效解释着蛇类多样性分布格局；人类影响因子(牧场或农田面积、人口密度变幅)在三个尺度上与蛇类物种多样性呈显著正相关，但多表现在较小尺度上。\n(5) 模型选择的结果表明，P值小于0.05的变量组成的模型是解释50km、100km、200km三个尺度上蛇类物种多样性格局的最优模型；在100km尺度蛇类物种多样性数据一定程度支持寒冷忍耐假说。因此，蛇类物种多样性数据在三个尺度上支持能量假说，不支持生境异质性假说。\n(6) 尺度的栅格面积与中国蛇类物种多样性正相关，但面积增加到一定程度，物种数量的增加便趋于平缓，表明蛇类物种多样性数据支持面积假说。采用主轴邻距法而获得基于特征值的空域数据与生态因子一起进行多元回归分析，结果表明总体解释度与仅生态因子的解释度也随着尺度的增加而增加。这进一步证明了各影响因子对物种多样性分布格局的影响有分层控制作用。\n由于中国蛇类物种多样性分布格局成因很复杂，为了更好理解蛇类物种多样性格局的形成机制和保护蛇类物种多样性，本文建议：将岛屿与大陆区别对待；并注意在气候变化影响下蛇类分布格局的变化、蛇亚目以下分类阶元的分布格局、生境划分标准的统一、尺度的变异性等问题；将来需要进一步对蛇类物种多样性分布格局其他形成机制的研究，如：生物因子（竞争假说、捕食假说、中度干扰假说、Rapoport法则）、历史因子（地史成因假说）和随机因子（中域效应假说）等。\n本研究为中国蛇类物种多样性保护提供了数据支持，得出了中国蛇类物种多样性热点地区在横断山脉南部、南岭、武夷山脉、大娄山-巫山山脉、青藏高原东南缘、秦岭-大巴山脉、藏南河谷(雅鲁藏布江下游地区)、长白山脉、小兴安岭、天山山脉西部等地。需要在这些区域加大物种调查力度，加强现有保护区管理，建立现有保护区生态走廊，根据蛇类物种多样性分布格局影响因子，提高蛇类分布区域植被多样性和森林覆盖度等。 |
| 英文摘要 | Species distribution patternsSo, here we studied this distribution patterns and their relationships to the ecological and human factors at spatial resolutions of 50km, 100km, 200km and 400km in China, respectively. The main results were as follows. at large scale and those underlying mechanisms are one of the most significant objectives of macroecology and biogeography. Ecological hypothesis is one of the commonly accepted hypotheses to explain this mechanism. And the human influences to the species diversity have been gotten more and more attentions. Human imperiled snakes which are abundant in China, but take few researches on snake distribution patterns. \n(1) The species richness of snake showed multi-peak patterns along latitudinal gradients, longitudinal gradients and elevational gradients. \n(2) The mean number of snakes are 1.970±6.033, 5.744±10.692, 12.623±17.556, 22.163±25.966 at spatial resolutions of 50km, 100km, 200km and 400km.The areas of the highest richness of snakes are tropics and subtropical areas of Oriental realm in China, such as southern part of Hengduan Mountains, Nanling Mountains, Wuyi Mountains, southeastern edge of Tibet Plateau, Dalü Mountains,Wu Mountains, Qin Mountains, Daba Mountains, and the valleys of South Tibet (Arunachal), etc. The areas of the lowest richness include Tibet Plateau, the grasslands and deserts in northern China. The areas of relatively low richness comprise Yangtze-Huai Plain, “Two-lake” Plain, and Poyang-lake Plain. \n(3) Moran’s I coefficient manifest that data of snake diversity have spatial autocorrelation, which is solved by eigenvector-based filters. Thus, the multiple regression analyses can explain 26.1%, 58.5%, 89.4% and 117.7% of spatial variations in snake species diversity in China at spatial resolutions of 50km, 100km, 200km and 400km, respectively. The database of 400km spatial resolution is not suitable for multiple regression analysis to study species diversity of snakes in China. \n(4) Among all factors to explore species distribution patternsremarkable influence this diversity at large scale, but isothermality and temperature annual range have the opposite effects. Human factors (indicated by human density and crop-agricultural area) have strong positive correlation with snake species diversity at spatial resolutions of 50km, 100km and 200km, respectively, especially at 50km., temperature annual range and normalized difference vegetation index positively or negatively influence species diversity of snakes significantly at spatial resolutions of 50km, 100km and 200km, respectively. Wet-days, annual highest temperature, precipitation of coldest quarter and potential evapotranspiration are positively \n(5) Model selection approach indicated that the model based on the significant variables (P< 0.05) is the most parsimonious model for explaining the mechanism of snake diversity at spatial resolutions of 50km, 100km and 200km, respectively. There has considerably less support the freezing tolerance hypothesis for explaining snake species diversityat spatial resolutions of 100km. inadition, but it has essentially no support the habitat heterogeneity hypothesis. So, the data of snake diversity support energy hypothesis, instead of habitat heterogeneity hypothesis.\n(6) The area has a positive correlation with species diversity of snakes in China. However, with the area increasing to a certain degree, the snake species density increases slowly. It showed that the data of snake diversity support area hypothesis. The explainations of the multiple regression analysis using eigenvector-based filters indicated that the explaination of full model and “predictors alone” increased with the increasing area, which further supported that factor hierarchically affected the distribution patterns of snakes.\nOverall, the mechanisms of snake distribution patterns in China are very complex. To better understand the mechanisms of distribution patterns and protect the snake species diversity, several strategies are suggested as follows. Firstly, differences between mainland and island populations of snakes should be distinguished. Secondly, special attention should be paid to the effect of climate change on snake distribution. Thirdly, some other issues should also be taken into consideration, such as the distribution patterns of some lower taxa of serpents, the similar standard of habitat dividing, and the scale variation properties, etc. In addition, we need to study other factors affecting the distribution patterns, such as biological factors (competition hypothesis, predation hypothesis, intermediate disturbance hypothesis, Rapoport’s rule, etc), historical factors (historical hypothesis, etc), and random factors (mid-domain effect hypothesis etc).\nThis paper give accurate data for the snakes conservation in China. Thus, we got the hot areas of snake species diversity, including Southern of Hengduan Mountains, Nanling Mountains, Wuyi Mountains, southeastern edge of Tibet Plateau, Dalü Mountains,Wu Mountains, Qin Mountains, Daba Mountains, and the valleys of South Tibet (Arunachal), Changbai Mountains, Xiaoxingan Mountains, western part of Tian Mountains, etc. Because of the terrible human influence, we are obliged to investigating snake species and take more attentions and add ecological gallerys to available natural reserves nearby. We also need to increase species diversity of plant and coverage of forest in accordance with the influencing factors of snake distribution patterns and so on. |
| 中文关键词 | 宏生态学 ; 生态假说 ; 生物地理 ; 空间分布格局 ; 能量假说 ; 生境异质性假说 ; 面积假说 ; 人类活动 |
| 英文关键词 | Macroecology Ecological Hypothesis Biogeography Spatial Distribution Patterns Energy Hypothesis Habitat Heterogeneity Hypothesis Area Hypothesis Human Activity. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 动物学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院成都生物研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287043 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 蔡波. 中国蛇亚目物种多样性分布格局与生态因子的关系[D]. 中国科学院大学,2012. |
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