Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 天山不同地区典型冰川厚度及储量变化分析 | |
| 其他题名 | Analysis on Changes of Ice-thickness and Volume for Representative Glaciers in Different Areas of Tian Shan |
| 王璞玉 | |
| 出版年 | 2012 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 李忠勤 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 我国西北内陆干旱区分布着22 240条山岳冰川，保存着大量的水资源，是人类社会、经济赖以生存和发展的“固体水库”。在全球气候变暖的背景下，我国西北内陆大部分地区冰川快速退缩，20世纪80年代以来呈现加速趋势，直接影响到河川径流的变化，这势必对我国西部内陆干旱地区可持续发展带来深远的影响。因此，开展冰川变化研究，尤其是冰川厚度及储量变化研究对提高天山冰川变化的认识和为今后新疆地区的水资源变化分析、社会经济发展规划的制定具有重要的意义。\n本研究主要在GPR-3S技术的支持下，基于冰川长时间序列的定位观测数据，最新的、丰富的野外考察第一手资料、不同时期的地形图和高精度的遥感影像，针对天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川、博格达峰地区黑沟8号冰川和四工河4号冰川、托木尔峰地区青冰滩72号冰川重点开展冰川厚度及储量变化研究，并进一步对冰川面积、长度、表面形态变化等方面作以分析，初步得出了如下结论：\n1) 基于天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川雷达测厚、冰川测图等多年实测资料计算出了该冰川1962年、1981年、1986年、2001年和2006年的储量分别为10 736.7×104 m3、10 296.2×104 m3、9 989.4×104 m3、8 797.9×104 m3和8 115.0×104 m3。\n研究恢复了1号冰川底部基岩地形，并获得了1962~2006年的冰川厚度变化，结果表明，1962~2006年冰川整体处于减薄状态，减薄幅度下部远高于上部。44年间1号冰川面积、长度、厚度及储量均呈现减小趋势，相对于1962年，冰川面积缩小14.0%，长度缩短7.6%，平均厚度减薄12.1%，储量减少24.4%。1号冰川储量亏损2 621.7×104 m3，即1号冰川的消融对河川径流补给量可达2359.5×104 m3。1981年之前，冰川面积和长度的减小是造成冰储量减少的主要原因；1981~2001年，厚度、面积、长度的减小共同造成冰储量的减少，面积的减小仍是主导因素；2001年以后，冰川厚度的减小成为冰储量减少的主要因素。分析表明，1号冰川储量的加速减少可能与该区气温升高、冰川表面反照率降低有直接关系。\n冰储量变化与冰川厚度、面积和长度变化之间在不同时期存在不同的比率关系，与冰川形态等因素有很大关系。若使用某一时段的比率关系来估算另一时段储量的变化，会产生较大误差。 \n2) 博格达峰南坡黑沟8号冰川冰舌厚度集中分布在0~178 m之间，平均厚度58.7 m，冰储量为115.1×106 m3，折合水当量103.5×106 m3。1986~2009年，黑沟8号冰川冰舌平均减薄13±6 m，年均减薄约0.57±0.26 m，由此造成的冰量亏损达25.5±11.8×106 m3，即黑沟8号冰川消融对河川径流的补给至少为22.9±10.6×106 m3。\n博格达峰北坡四工河4号冰川，1962~2009年间冰舌整体处于减薄状态，平均减薄15±8 m，年均减薄0.32±0.17 m，冰储量亏损达14.0±8.0×106 m3。随海拔变化，冰川表面高程变化特征存在显著差异，海拔较低区域冰面高程变化最为强烈。该冰川快速减薄的同时，末端急剧退缩，面积不断减少，1962~2009年共退缩376 m，退缩速率为8.0 m/a，冰川面积减少0.53 km2，占1962年15.8%的冰川已经完全消失。\n3) 2008年，托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川冰舌厚度介于0~148 m之间，冰储量55.9×106 m3，折合水当量50.3×106 m3。雷达探测不仅可以获取到清晰的雷达图像来分析冰川槽谷形态特征，而且可以获得高精度冰川厚度数据，为冰储量准确计算及冰下地形恢复提供可靠数据支持。通过不同时期研究资料的对比，结果显示，72号冰川急剧退缩、面积不断缩小、厚度迅速减薄、冰储量大量亏损。1964~2009年，冰川后退1 852 m，年均退缩41.1 m，由此造成面积减少约1.53 km2，年均减少0.03 km2；1964~2008年，冰舌平均减薄9.59±6 m，年均减薄约0.22±0.14 m，由此至少造成冰储量亏损14.1±8.8×106 m3，即72号冰川消融对河川径流的补给至少为12.7±7.9×106 m3。72号冰川对区域冰川的变化情况具有一定代表性，标志着托木尔峰地区的冰川正处于物质严重亏损的状态，直接影响到流域水资源状况。\n4) 天山典型监测冰川近几十年变化作以比较。研究表明，相比之下，青冰滩72号冰川末端退缩强烈，冰川的消融和运动补给要强得多，具有海洋型冰川的某些特征，对气候的变化十分敏感。黑沟8号冰川末端退缩亦相对强烈，减薄速率与天山典型监测冰川近几十年的变化基本保持一致，与乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川和科其喀尔冰川相差不大，稍大于四工河4号冰川和哈密庙尔沟冰川。这种差异与区域间 (冰川区) 气候差异、冰川所处位置、末端海拔、冰川类型、形态特征、运动速度、表碛覆盖等因素有直接关系。\n5) 本研究将GPR与3S技术 (GPS、RS和GIS) 综合运用在冰川学领域，提供了一种新的解决问题的方法。GPR是一种获取信息和进行数据采集更新的重要手段；GPS可以准确获取空间三维位置信息；RS是获取地球空间数据及其动态变化资料的主要技术手段；GIS则具有强大地理空间信息处理优势。将这四种技术有机结合，有效解决了数据获取、定位、空间分析等一系列问题，在空间信息技术日益发展的今天，具有十分可观的应用前景。 |
| 英文摘要 | There are 22 240 glaciers distributed in the arid area of northwestern China, which contain lots of water resources. Glaciers play an important role in the human life and social economic development as solid reservoir. However, these glaciers were in a state of rapid shrinkage against the background of climatic warming since the 1980s, directly influencing changes of river runoff. Therefore, studies of glacier changes, especially the ice-thickness and volume changes have important significance for not only the enhancement of understanding glacier changes in Tian Shan, but also the analysis on changes of glacial water resources. Furthermore, it has an impact on the establishment of social economic development program in Xinjiang Uyger Autonomous Region. \nWith the support of GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) and 3S technology (GPS, RS and GIS), this paper studied ice-thickness and volume changes of the four typical glaciers in the three areas of Tian Shan (Ürümqi glacier No.1; Heigou glacier No.8 and Glacier No.4 of Sigong River over Mt. Bogda; Qingbingtan glacier No.72 in the Tomor region). The area, length and morphologic changes of the glaciers were further analyzed based on the first-hand field observation data, topographic maps and high-resolution remote sensing images of different periods. The preliminary results are as follows:\n1) Results indicated that the ice-volume of Ürümqi glacier No.1 was 10 736.7×104 m3, 10 296.2×104 m3, 9 989.4×104 m3, 8 797.9×104 m3 and 8 115.0×104 m3 in 1962, 1981, 1986, 2001 and 2006, respectively.\nThis study obtained the ice-bed topographic map and analyzed the ice-thickness changes. Analysis showed that the whole glacier underwent thinning during 1962-2006 and the largest decrease was concentrated at the terminus. The ice-volume had reduced by 24.4% during the past 44 years. The reduction rate of ice thickness, area and maximum length were 12.1%, 14.0% and 7.6%, respectively. Ürümqi glacier No.1 has lost the ice-volume of 2 621.7×104 m3 during the corresponding period, providing the river runoff of 2 359.5×104 m3. Before 1981, area shrinkage and terminus retreat was the key cause of the ice-volume reduction; during 1981-2001, the reduction of ice-volume was caused by three aspects: ice thickness, area and length. And the area shrinkage was considered as the main factor; the noticeable reduction in ice-volume is due to the intensive thinning of the ice thickness after 2001. Analysis showed that the accelerated ice-volume loss of Ürümqi glacier was probably related to the increase of temperature in this region and the decrease of glacier surface albedo. The ratios of ice-volume, thickness, area and length changes vary in the different periods, which were related to the factors such as glacial morphology. If using ratio relation of some periods to estimate ice-volume changes of the other periods, big errors will occur. \n2) Results showed that the distribution of ice-thickness in the tongue of Heigou glacier No.8, which was located in the south slope of Mt. Bogda, was between 0 and 178 m in 2009, with the mean ice-thickness of 58.7 m. The estimated ice-volume was about 115.1×106 m3 (103.5×106 m3 water equivalent). During 1962-2009, the ice tongue thinned by 13±6 m, with the mean thinning rate of 0.57±0.26 m/a, corresponding to the loss in ice-volume of 25.5±11.8×106 m3 (22.9±10.6×106 m3 water equivalent).\nGlacier No.4 located in the north slope of Mt. Bogda experienced dramatic thinning, terminus retreat and area shrinkage since 1962. The ice surface-elevation decreased up to 15±8 m (0.32±0.17 m/a) with the ice-volume loss of 14.0±8.0×106 m3 over the period 1962-2009. There was obvious variability of ice surface-elevation changes with the elevation changes. The rate of ice surface-elevation change at lower elevations was much higher than that of higher elevations. The terminus retreated by 376 m during 1962-2009, approximately 8.0 m/a. The area shrinkage was about 0.53 km2 from 1962 to 2009, which was 15.8% of the area in 1962.\n3) It indicated that the ice-thickness distribution of Qingbingtan glacier No.72 was from 0 to 148 m with the ice-volume of 55.9×106 m3, corresponding to the estimated water equivalent of 50.3×106 m3. By the comparison of data in different periods, the glacier terminus had retreated by 1 852 m (41 m/a) from 1964 to 2009, which brought about the area shrinkage of 1.53 km2 (0.03 km2/a). During 1964-2008, the ice tongue thinned by 9.59±6 m, with the mean thinning rate of 0.22±0.14 m/a, corresponding to the loss in ice-volume of 14.1±8.8×106 m3 (12.7±7.9×106 m3 water equivalent). Qingbingtan glacier No.72 is a reference glacier of this region, which represents the serious mass loss of glaciers in the Tomor region, directly influencing the water resources.\n4) Comparison was made between the typical monitored glaciers in different areas of Tian Shan. Analysis indicated that Qingbingtan glacier No.72 was melting most intensively, characterized by some features of monsoonal maritime glaciers. The terminus retreat of Heigou glacier No.8 was relatively rapid. The thinning rate of Heigou glacier No.8 had little differences with Ürümqi glacier No.1 and Keqikaer glacier. However, it was slightly larger than that of Glacier No.4 of Sigong River and Miaoergou glacier. The differences were directly influenced by regional climate, elevation of glacier terminus, glacier types, debris-cover and other factors.\n5) Combined application of GPR, GPS, RS and GIS in the field of Glaciology provide a new method of solving questions. GPR is an important means for collecting information, acquiring data and timely updating mass data. GPS can accurately obtain the three-dimensional space data. RS is an important technique for acquiring geospatial data and the dynamic change information. GIS shows a strong advantage in the spatial information processing. The combination of GPR, GPS, RS and GIS allow data measurement, positioning and processing integrated, supplying reliable data for the determination of ice-thickness distribution, volume calculation and their changes, which have broad application prospect. |
| 中文关键词 | 天山 ; 探地雷达 ; 冰川厚度 ; 冰储量 ; 冰川变化 |
| 英文关键词 | Tian Shan Ground Penetrating Radar ice-thickness ice-volume glacier change |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 自然地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287038 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 王璞玉. 天山不同地区典型冰川厚度及储量变化分析[D]. 中国科学院大学,2012. |
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