Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 塔里木盆地柽柳植被地理分布模拟预测及其生态重建评价 | |
| 其他题名 | Simulation the potential geographical distribution and evaluation the restoration of Tamarix vegetation in Tarim Basin |
| 张强 | |
| 出版年 | 2011 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 张新时 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 中文摘要 | 柽柳植被的恢复和重建不仅是维护生态系统的需要，更是当地发展经济的需要。本文利用柽柳植被的分布数据与环境数据，研究了多枝柽柳荒漠、刚毛柽柳荒漠以及多枝柽柳灌丛三种柽柳植被的分布及其影响因子；采用分类回归树、广义线性模型和随机森林模型，模拟并预测塔里木盆地三种柽柳植被的潜在分布，评价了柽柳人工林恢复的动态过程和生态效应。主要研究结论有：\n1. 综合柽柳植被分布区环境因子的变异和方差分析、梯度分析，可以看出海拔、机械组成中的粉砂和砂砾含量以及气温年较差、一月均温、七月均温和寒冷指数等对柽柳植被分布具有较大影响。\n2. 分类回归树、广义线性模型和随机森林三种模型中，随机森林模型的模拟效果最好，广义线性模型居中，分类回归树的结果最差。采用土壤数据和气象数据结合的数据比仅仅采用气象数据的预测模型要略好。在物种分布预测的CART、GLM和Random Forest模型中，采用主成分对数据进行处理，没有表现出明显的差异，对不同物种的表现也不一致。\n3. 多枝柽柳荒漠植被、刚毛柽柳荒漠植被和多枝柽柳灌丛植被的物种分布预测的最优模型分别为采用气象数据的随机森林模型、采用气象数据加土壤数据的随机森林模型、以及采用气象数据加土壤数据的广义可加模型。塔里木盆地潜在可重建多枝柽柳荒漠植被、刚毛柽柳荒漠植被和多枝柽柳灌丛植被的边缘土地分别大约为29700平方公里、29500平方公里和12200平方公里。\n4. 不同定植年限的柽柳植被在群落组成没有发生显著的变化，在生物量以及个体生长特征上表现出了显著的差异，生物量以及高度、盖度都随着定植时间的增长而增加。土壤全钾在20-40cm表现出显著差异；而土壤碳氮比在0-60cm表现出显著差异，pH值在不同层次间均表现出显著差异，随定植时间增加而有先增加后降低到趋势；土壤全氮在40-60cm以及0-60cm表现出显著差异。\n5. 策勒骆驼刺荒漠、沙拐枣人工林、果园地、砂质柽柳荒漠、盐化柽柳荒漠以及定植6年柽柳人工林在不同植被下的土壤有机碳、全氮和pH在不同土壤层次下表现出显著差异。从整个剖面看，不同类型间土壤pH、容重、全磷、有机碳、全氮有显著差差异。土壤有机碳和有机碳密度在不同层次以及不同类型间均表现出显著差异。柽柳沙地荒漠、沙拐枣人工林、骆驼刺荒漠适宜转为柽柳人工林，发展柽柳生物质能源。塔里木盆地三种柽柳潜在生物质能生产力为2.97×104 t/yr、10.35×104 t/yr、40.31×104 t/yr。 |
| 英文摘要 | Species from genus of Tamarix is one of the key species in central Asia desert, it plays important roles in desert ecosystem, also it is an important source of fuel and forges for local people. Because of the excessive exploitation of the biomass and the ground water, the tamarix vegetation, which was widely spread in Tarim Basin, was destroyed severely. Recent years, as it is one of the major host plants of Cistanche spp., which was a profitable medicine plants, Tamarix spp. vegetation was restoration for producing of Cistanche spp.. The purpose of this paper were to explore the controls on the distribution of Tamarix spp. in the Tarim Basin, to modeling the potential distribution and the potential restoration area of Tamarix spp. in the Tarim Basin, to reveal the dynamic changes on the soil physical and chemical properties and the community characteristics of Tamarix spp. in the Tarim Basin, and to quantify the impacts of converting different vegetation into Tamarix plantation on the soil and biomass carbon pools in the Tarim Basin. \nThree kinds of Tamarix vegetation in the Tarim Basin, involve in Tamarix ramosissma desert, Tamarix hispida desert and Tamarix ramosissma scrub, were selected to study in this paper. The presence/absence data of three Tamarix vegetations was calculated from 1:100 million China vegetation map. The SPOT VEGETATION NDVI data of three Tamarix vegetation, the land cover data, the DEM data and soil data, were collected from WESTDC and were processed from 1 km×1km resolution to 10 km×10km. Climatic factors contains MAT (mean annual temperature), MAP (mean annual precipitation), CI (Kira cold index), WI (Kira warm index), AI (arid index), GST (annual temperatures in growing season from April to September), GSP (annual precipitation in growing season from April to September), ET (FAO potential Evapo-Transpiration), ART (range of annual temperature), BT (biology temperatures), JulT(mean temperatures in July), JanT (mean temperatures in January) was calculated by interpolated from 752 climate stations of China. The edaphic factors used in this study include the content of soil gravel, sand, silt and clay, the content of soil organic carbon, soil pH, soil ECE and soil bulk density within topsoil (0-30 cm) and subsoil (30-100 cm). All the spatial data were processed by Arcgis9.3. The soil physical and chemical characteristics of different land cover types (sandy Tamarix desert, salty Tamarix desert, calligonum plantation, alhagi desert and garden land) and of different Tamarix plantation (3yr, 4yr, 6yr), and the community properties include species and biomass were studied in CeLe national field research station of desert grassland ecosystem. The soils were studied at three depths 0-20cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm. The soil bulk density, soil organic matter (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total potassium (TK), total phoorus (TP), carbon nitrogen ratio (C:N), pH were calculated in lab. And soil organic carbon density was calculated from SOC.\nThe anova analysis and CCA analysis and regression analysis were used to explore the controls over the distribution of three kinds of Tamarix vegetation. The results showed that the mainly controls of three kinds Tamarix vegetation were altitude, the content of soil silt and sand, ART, JanT, JulT and CI. The former two indicates Tamarix vegetation spread over sandy and loam soil, and the latter four indicate the impact of extremely temperature on Tamarix vegetation. The NDVI of three kinds Tamarix vegetation were mainly affected by the content of soil silt and clay, ET and JanT.\nThe CART, GLM and Random Forest model were established from four data set (data contains 12 climatic factors, data contains 12 climatic factor, 16 edaphic factors and altitude, PCA of 12 climatic factors, PCA of 12 climatic factor, 16 edaphic factors and altitude) for three Tamarix vegetation presence/absence. The results showed that data set processed by PCA didn’t show a better prediction than original data, while the data set contains both climatic and edaphic factors show a better prediction than data set only contains climatic factors. The Random Forest showed the best prediction through all the models, followed by GLM and CART. The best prediction models for T. ramosissma desert, T. hispida desert, T.ramosissma scrub were random forest model with climatic data only, the random forest model with all data, and the GLM with all data, and the potential distribution of three kinds of vegetation were processed by these models. The potential restoration area of three vegetation were calculated from the marginal land, and area were about 29700 km2, 29500 km2, 12200 km2 for T. ramosissma desert, T. hispida desert, T.ramosissma scrub in Tarim Basin, respectively.\nThe anova analysis of different years Tamarix plantation with different soil depths were studied for the dynamics of the Tamarix restoration. Different years Tamarix plantation did not show variance in community constitute, while the biomass and height show a significant variance. The soil bulk density, TP and SOCD did not show significant difference for tamarix with different plant year, the TK show significant different at 20-40cm. The C:N show significant difference at 0-60cm, pH show significant difference at each depth interval, the C:N and pH of 4yr tamarix plantation showed significant higher than 3yr and 6yr tamarix plantation. The TN show significant difference at 40-60cm and 0-60cm. The TN rise with the increase of plantation years, the 6yr tamrix plantation significantly higher than 4yr and 3yr tamarix plantation.\nThe impact of changing different land cover into tamarix plantation on the soil and biomass carbon pool was studied by the anova analysis among the adjacent different land covers. The SOC, TN, pH of alhagi desert, calligonum plantation, garden land, sandy tamarix desert, salty tamarix desert and 6yr tamarix plantation were all show significant differences under different soil depths, while theTK and C:N did not show significant differences under different soil depths. The SOC and SOCD showed significant difference among different soil depths or different land covers, the SOCD of different land covers in decrease order were salty tamarix desert (16.34 t/ha）> garden land (13.74 t/ha)> 6yr tamarix plantation (11 t/ha）> alhagi desert (10.16 t/ha）> sandy tamarix desert (9.08 t/ha)> calligonum plantation (7.05 t/ha）. The biomass of 6yr tamarix plantation was higer than sandy tamarix desert, calligonum plantation and alhagi desert. Therefore, in the purpose of keeping the soil carbon pool did not decrease, sandy tamarix desert, calligonum plantation and alhagi desert are suitable to change into tamarix plantation. It also indicates that the land that used for tamrix plantation or for biomass energy use, should selected carefully.\nRestoration of tamarix vegetation in tarim basin is not only gaining the ecological benefits, also it can be profit the local people. The use of tamarix plantation for production of Cistanche spp. and bio-energy, have a promising future. The restoration of tamarix vegetation should meet the ecological, social and economical benefits together. In the future, the land cover change and it’s relation to the climate change induced by tamrix restoration, the mechanism and application of using tamarix plantation as bio-energy, and the effect of Cistanche spp. parasitism on the tamarix species should pay more attention. |
| 中文关键词 | 塔里木盆地 ; 多枝柽柳 ; 刚毛柽柳 ; 生态重建 ; 物种分布模型 |
| 英文关键词 | Tarim Basin Tamarix ramosissma Tamarix hispida restoration speices distribution model |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生态学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院植物研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287023 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 张强. 塔里木盆地柽柳植被地理分布模拟预测及其生态重建评价[D]. 中国科学院大学,2011. |
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