Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 新疆玛纳斯河流域生态系统格局与生态系统服务功能演变研究 | |
| 其他题名 | Ecosystem spatial pattern and ecosystem services changes in the Manas River Basin, Xinjiang |
| 张宏锋 | |
| 出版年 | 2009 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 欧阳志云 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院环境生态研究中心 |
| 中文摘要 | 生态系统服务功能研究是人类理解生态系统服务功能重要性的重要途径，是连接人类活动与生态系统服务功能管理的桥梁与纽带，是促进人类社会可持续发展的重要手段。人类活动对生态系统的影响，增加了生态系统服务功能提供能力的不确定性，使人类社会处于极大的风险之中。加强对生态系统服务功能的研究，能够为生态系统管理提供可靠的信息。\n在人类活动和气候变化影响下，我国干旱区内陆河流域生态系统发生了巨大变化，并对流域生态系统服务功能造成重大影响。研究内陆河流域生态系统演变及生态系统服务功能变化，能够为流域生态系统管理和经济社会的可持续发展提供科学依据。\n本论文以新疆天山北坡的玛纳斯河流域为研究区域，综合运用遥感与GIS技术、现场调查和生态系统服务功能评价方法，研究了近30年来玛纳斯河流域气候变化、水土资源开发、农业发展与经济建设导致的流域生态系统格局变化及其产生的生态效应，尤其是对生态系统服务功能的影响。得出以下结论：\n（1）不同海拔区域的气温都呈现增长趋势，但是增长速率有所不同。总体上来看，随着海拔升高，气温增长速率逐渐下降。高海拔区域普遍具有2.5年，4年，8年的周期性，而低海拔区域平原区气温具有极为明显的8年周期。高海拔地区的降水增加幅度要高于中、低海拔地区。不同海拔区域降水周期变化也具有不同的特征。高海拔区域降水的周期性可以分为两类。在最高站点大西沟站，仅具有5.6年的周期；而在天池、小渠子、肯斯瓦特站，都具有2.8年、5年的周期。在平原区，降水亦可以分为两类，绿洲区都具有极为显著的2.5年、5年、14.6年的周期，而在靠近沙漠边缘区域仅具有2.8年、5年的周期。\n（2）玛纳斯河流域冰川面积从1964年的818.47 km2缩减到2006年的716.39 km2，42年间面积减少了12.5%，年平均递减率为0.30%。根据冰川随海拔变化特征分析，在不同海拔区域，玛纳斯河流域冰川变化表现出相反的趋势。海拔低于4400 m的区域冰川退缩剧烈，冰川面积退缩了19.2%，年平均递减率为0.46%；而海拔4400 m以上区域冰川面积表现出增加的趋势，冰川面积增加了15.9%，其年平均递增率为0.38%。\n（3）过去30年玛纳斯河流域景观格局发生了巨大变化，主要表现在农田、草地、居民地面积增加和森林、湿地、荒漠、冰雪面积减小。农田、草地和居民地面积分别增加了31%、3%和352%，而森林、湿地、沙漠和冰雪面积则分别减少了20%、28%、2%和64%。\n（4）流域生态系统及其格局的变化具有显著的生态效应。由于上游山区森林砍伐造成的森林景观破碎化和草地过牧所导致的草地质量下降，增加了河流泥沙输移量。玛纳斯河年平均泥沙输移量从20世纪60年代的1.95×106 t增加到21世纪初期的5.24×106 t，增加了168%。在平原区，农田景观扩张和灌溉活动导致绿洲内部温度增长速率减缓，降水、湿度增加，蒸发减小。\n（5）从1976年至2005年，流域内农田、草地的生态系统服务功能价值分别增加了118%、23%；森林、湿地、荒漠生态系统服务功能价值分别下降了8%、28%、2%。流域直接生态系统服务功能价值明显增加，玛纳斯河流域产品提供价值从1976年的2.88×108元增加到2005年的3.50×109元，增加了11.4倍。间接生态系统服务功能价值从1.00×1010元增加到1.14×1010元，增加了13%。流域生态系统间接服务功能的增加主要是由于农田生态系统替代了荒漠草原和荒漠，草原替代了裸岩和荒漠，其变化主导了流域生态系统服务功能的变化。\n（6）玛纳斯河流域68%的生态系统服务功能价值集中在海拔300~600 m的区域。但单位面积生态系统服务功能价值则随海拔发生不同的变化。300~600 m海拔区域依然是单位生态系统服务功能价值较高的区域，但从海拔1200 m开始，单位面积的生态系统服务功能价值开始上升，表现出内陆河流域山地生态系统服务功能的重要性。 |
| 英文摘要 | The research on ecosystem services is an approach to understand the importance of ecosystem services, a bridge between human activities and ecosystem services management, and a mean to realize the sustainable development of human society. The effects of human activities on ecosystem, increase the uncertainty of providing capability of ecosystem services, and put the human society at great risk. The reinforce of research on ecosystem services can provide credible information for the ecosystem management.\nUnder the influence of the climate change and human activities, great changes have taken place in the ecosystems of inland river basin in arid zone, as well as in the ecosystem services of the local regions. Study on the evolution of the ecosystems and the changes in ecosystem services might provide a significant reference value to the sustainable socio-economic development in inland river basin.\nTaking the Manas River Basin in the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang as the study area, the present research intends to explore the changes of ecosystem patterns and their ecological effects over the past 30 years in Manas River Basin, as well as the ecosystem services changes influenced by climate change, water resources development, agricultural development and economic construction by means of integrating remote sensing with GIS technology, field investigation and ecosystem services evaluation methods. The research comes to the following conclusions:\n1. Temperature at each elevation shows regional growth trends, but the growth rates are different from each other. Totally speaking, the higher the elevation is, the slower the temperature growth rate is. As for the period changes, there are 2.5, 4 and 8 year cycle in high-altitude mountain regions; while there is a significant 8 year cycle in low-altitude plain regions. Precipitation in high-altitude areas is larger than that in medium-altitude and low-altitude regions respectively. As for the period changes, precipitation at each different altitude shows its distinctive characteristics. The period changes of precipitation in high-altitude regions can be divided into two categories. At Daxigou station, the highest point, there is a cycle of 5.6 year; while at Tianchi station, Xiaoquzi stations and Kensiwate station, there exixt 2.8 and 5 year of cycle. The period changes of precipitation in plain areas can also be divided into two categories. There are 2.5, 5 and 14.6 year of cycle in plain oasis; while near the edge of the desert, there are 2.8 and 5 year of cycle.\n2. The glacier area of the Manas River Basin declines from 818.47 km2 to 716.39 km2 during the 42 years, namely, a decrease of 12.5% from year 1964 to year 2006 — average decreasing rate by 0.30% annually. Based on the characteristic analysis of glacier change at each elevation, it is found that glacier changes in Manas River Basin show the opposite trends. In regions where the altitude is below 4400 m, glacier area dramatically declines by 19.2% — average decreasing rate by 0.46% annually; while in regions where the altitude is above 4400 m, glacier area significantly increases by 15.9% — average increasing rate by 0.38% annually. \n3. Over the past 30 years, the landscape pattern in the Manas River Basin has changed greatly. The areas of Farmland, grassland, and residential fields have increased by 31%, 3% and 352%, respectively; while the areas of forest, wetland, desert, snow have decreased by 20%, 28%, 2% and 64%, respectively.\n4. The changes of watershed ecosystem and pattern give birth to evident ecological effects. Due to forest landscape fragmentation caused by the forest fall and grass quality declining because of over-grazing, the sediment discharge in river increase rapidly. The sediment discharge in the Manas River increase from 1.95×106 t/a in 1960s to 5.24×106 t/a in 2000s, increasing by 168%. In the plain area, the expansion of farmland and irrigation lead to the reducing of temperature, increasing of rainfall and humidity and decreasing of pan evaporation. \n5. From 1976 to 2005, the ecosystem services value of grassland, agriculture land increase by 118%, 23%, respectively; while that of forest, wetland and desert decline by 8%, 28%, 2%, respectively. There is a significant increase in the value of direct ecosystem services in the Manas River Basin. The value of products providing increases from 2.88 × 108 RMB to 3.5 × 109 RMB—11.4 times from year 1976 to year 2005. There is also an increase in the value of indirect ecosystem services: from 1.00 × 1010 RMB to 1.14 × 1010 RMB, an increase of 13%. The value of indirect ecosystem services rises mainly due to that farmland replaces with desert steppe and desert, and grassland replaces with uncovered rock and desert. Such changes lead to the whole changes of ecosystem services in Manas River basin. \n6. 68% of the ecosystem services value in Manas River Basin concentrates at the region between altitude of 300 m and 600 m. However, the value of ecosystem services per unit area changes at different elevation. There is still higher value of ecosystem services per unit area at the regions where the altitude is between 300 m and 600 m. But when the altitude is above 1200 m, the value of ecosystem services per unit area begins to rise, revealing the importance of mountain ecosystem services in inland river basin. |
| 中文关键词 | 玛纳斯河流域 ; 气候变化 ; 生态系统演变 ; 生态效应 ; 生态系统服务功能 |
| 英文关键词 | The Manas River Basin Climate change Ecosystem evolution Ecological effects Ecosystem services |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生态学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院生态环境研究中心 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/286782 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 张宏锋. 新疆玛纳斯河流域生态系统格局与生态系统服务功能演变研究[D]. 中国科学院环境生态研究中心,2009. |
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