Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 额济纳盆地地下水环境对天然植被的影响分析 | |
| 其他题名 | The impact of groundwater environment on natural vegetation in Ejina Basin |
| 孟彤彤 | |
| 出版年 | 2009 |
| 学位类型 | 硕士 |
| 导师 | 张小由 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所 |
| 中文摘要 | 黑河是额济纳绿洲赖以生存的生命之源，没有黑河水滋润，就没有额济纳绿洲。近些年来，随着上游来水量的减少，致使额济纳盆地面临严重的生态环境问题：地下水位下降、水质恶化、植被退化、绿洲萎缩、土地荒漠化、土壤盐渍化等。干旱荒漠区植物生长对地下水有很强的依赖性,地下水环境直接影响着与植被生长关系密切的土壤水分、养分、盐分等。荒漠区植被分布、生长、种群演替以及荒漠绿洲存亡的主导因子是地下水环境。即地下水环境对天然植被盖度、密度、分布有着决定性的作用。\n本论文以野外定点监测和定量研究为主，通过进行植被调查（植物种数、胸径、高度、盖度）、根系空间分布测定、土壤水分、地下水离子、地下水埋深测定来对地下水环境分级。研究和认识极端干旱区荒漠河岸林与地下水环境的关系。为维护区域生态稳定，解决水资源可持续利用方面提供支持作用。主要结论如下：\n（1） 天然植被结构、分布是地下水环境条件的外在体现。在荒漠区生态系统中，地下水环境通过控制土壤水分、盐分、有机质等因子对植被起到控制作用，即不同区域地下水环境的差异控制着植被的分布和形态特点。\n（2） 额济纳盆地地下水环境对天然植被的影响主要表现在：地下水埋深对植被结构、分布起着决定作用。地下水埋深处于适宜水位时（0-3m），植被结构、分布由地下水化学决定。\n（3） 不同区域地下水埋深的差异控制着天然植被的结构和生长形态特征，研究区在地下水的控制下形成了以下的植被带：①地下水埋深小于1m，此区内土壤含水量变化幅度小，植物种类丰富，植被覆盖度高，但由于地下水位埋深浅，土壤盐渍化程度高。因此，植物种类以湿生、耐盐物种为主。②地下水位埋深1～3m，此区内土壤含水量变化幅度小，植物种数丰富，长势良好，新生幼苗较多。③地下水位埋深3～5m，此区内土壤含水量低、土层间含水量变化幅度大。植被分布以灌木和乔木为主，草本植物几乎无分布。天然植被盖度低。④地下水埋深大于5m，区内土壤含水量很小，土壤颗粒粗大。大部分为裸地，有零碎的天然植被分布，主要是旱生的灌木和乔木植物。\n(4) 在保证一定来水量的前提下,合理利用盆地地下水资源，是天然植被保护和恢复的有效措施。对河水进行分配利用时，要考虑对地表植被的灌溉效果、对地下水的补给作用，土壤盐渍化这三个方面。在地表植被灌溉效果好，潜水埋藏较深，土壤旱化严重的地方，加大河水灌溉量，使地下水位能恢复并保持在一定范围，地表植物能得到充足的水分补给。在潜水埋藏较浅、土壤已出现一定盐渍化的地区，应尽量减少河水灌溉，同时开采浅层地下水，使地下水位埋深保持在适当的范围。这样既可保证植物生长所需的水分，也可防止土壤盐渍化。为解决绿洲内部在时间上水资源分布不均与植物生长需水量之间的矛盾，在植物生长需水期，适量开采地下水灌溉绿洲植被。地下水开采采用分散布井的形式，就地开采，就地灌溉。这样既可解决植物生长期缺水的矛盾，在一定时期内保证植被正常生长，防止植被退化，也能减少潜水埋藏较浅地段的无效蒸发消耗，在某种意义上等于增加了盆地内可利用的水资源总量。\n关键词： 额济纳盆地 地下水埋深 地下水化学 天然植被 |
| 英文摘要 | Heihe river is the life source of Ejina Basin. Without it there is no Ejina oasis existing. However, due to the decrease of upstream water, Ejina oasis is confronted with a series of severe ecological environment problems, decline of groundwater level, deterioration of water quality, degradation of vegetation, shrink of oasis, desertification, soil salinization. Plant growth has a great dependence on groundwater in arid desert area. Groundwater environment directly affects soil moisture, nutrients, salinity and so on related to vegetation growth. The main factor of vegetation distribution, growth, population succession as well as the existence of desert oasis is the groundwater environment. That is to say, it has a deciding influence on natural vegetation coverage, density and its distribution. \nThis paper mainly adopts fixed-points-monitoring field survey and quantitative study and carries on vegetation survey ( plant species, diameter at breast height, height and cover ), determination of the spatial distribution of root system, soil moisture, groundwater ion and groundwater water table to determine groundwater environment classification so as to study and recognize the relations between extreme arid zone desert Riparian Forest and the groundwater environment as well as to support the role of maintenance of regional ecological stability and solution of sustainable utility of water resources. The main conclusions are as follows：\n(1) The structure of natural vegetation and its distribution is the external manifestation of groundwater environment conditions. In the desert region ecological system, the groundwater environment controls vegetation through the controlling on soil moisture, salinity, organic matter. The difference of groundwater environment in different sectors controls the distribution and morphological characteristics of vegetation.\n(2) The major impact of groundwater environment in Ejina Basin on natural vegetation is in the following aspects. Groundwater water table has a deciding influence on vegetation structure and its distribution. When the groundwater water table is at a suitable level, groundwater chemistry also greatly impacts vegetation structure and its distribution. \n(3) The difference of groundwater water table in different regions controls the structure and morphological characteristics of natural vegetation. And the research area forms various vegetation zones. ①When the groundwater water table in below 1 m, changes in soil moisture is also small and numbers of vegetation species is also rich in this region. There exists a highly vegetation coverage in this region. However, because of the lower groundwater water table, soil salinization is in a high situation. Therefore, plant category is mainly of wet ingredients which can bear strong salt tolerance. ②when the groundwater water table is between 1 and 3 meters, changes in soil moisture is small and numbers of vegetation species is rich in this region. Each kind of vegetation is in good growth and there exists more new seedlings.③ when the groundwater water table is between 3 and 5 meters, soil moisture is in a lower degree and changes in different soil levels is great in this region. Vegetation distribution is mainly of shrubs and mature trees and there is little herbs distribution. Natural vegetation coverage is in a low degree. ④ When the groundwater water table is great than 5 meters, soil moisture is in a lower degree, soil particles are coarse and big in this region. There is little natural vegetation distribution .This region is mainly of xerophyte and bare land possesses the absolute superiority. There are piecemeal distributions of Shrubs and trees.\n (4) In the premise of a certain water quantity, rationally utilizing groundwater resources in oasis zones is an effective measure to protect and recover natural vegetation. When river water is being allocated and utilized, irrigation effect on surface vegetation, supplement effect on groundwater and soil salinization, soil drought and its distribution range should be included. Increase river irrigation in good surface vegetation irrigation effect, phreatic water table at a greater degree and severe soil drought regions in order to recover groundwater level and keep it in a certain range as well as surface plant get sufficient water supplement. Decrease river irrigation in phreatic water table at a lower degree and soil has emerged some salinization zones. Also shallow groundwater should be exploited and keep its water table in a certain range. In this way, water that vegetation growth needs could be guaranteed and soil salinization could be prevented. In order to solve the contradiction between uneven distributions of water resources and water that plant growth needs \nirrigation oasis vegetation could be exploited at an optimal degree in the plant growth \n \nperiod of water requirement. Disperse wells in phreatic water exploitation, exploitation and irrigation in site recovery. Doing so can solve the contradiction in lacking of water during plant growth period, guarantee vegetation growth in a certain period and prevent vegetation degradation, also it can reduce loss of vain evaporation in sectors of lower phreatic water table. And in a sense, it equals increasing total available water resource quantity in basin zones.\nKey words: Ejina Basin; water table; groundwater chemistry; vegetation distribution |
| 中文关键词 | 额济纳盆地 ; 地下水埋深 ; 地下水化学 ; 天然植被 |
| 英文关键词 | Ejina Basin water table groundwater chemistry vegetation distribution |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 自然地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/286752 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 孟彤彤. 额济纳盆地地下水环境对天然植被的影响分析[D]. 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2009. |
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