Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 数字模块化环境观测系统理论及其在黑河流域生态水文研究中的应用 | |
| 其他题名 | Theroy of Digital Module Environmental Measurement System and its Application to Eco-hydrology Study in Heihe River Basin |
| 张智慧 | |
| 出版年 | 2009 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 张洪业 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所 |
| 中文摘要 | 论文立足于我国内陆河流域水文循环过程及生态－水文相互作用的独特过程，即鲜明的寒区和旱区相伴而生、全球独特的以水为纽带的“冰雪/冻土－河流－湖泊－绿洲－沙漠”多元自然景观，以及从源头到尾闾顺次分布有高山冰雪冻土、高山草甸、森林草原、山前平原绿洲、戈壁荒漠和下游荒漠绿洲等自然地理单元格局独特的水文循环过程及其与生态相互作用过程，结合近8年来对黑河上游高寒草甸带、上游浅山区森林草原带、中游山前绿洲、下游荒漠绿洲SVAT系统水热传输和生态－水文相互作用过程观测试验，重点阐述了黑河流域环境观测系统的设计与布局、观测试验运转实践及成果、观测仪器传感器稳定性及偏差评估、数据质量控制等，初步结论如下：\n1. 先进的ENVIS数字化网络观测系统在黑河流域上游高山草甸带、浅山区森林草原带、山前中游灌溉绿洲带、下游荒漠绿洲带正常运行近8年，已获取了各景观带有关环境要素等大量高质量和时空一致性数据，为深入研究黑河流域生态－水文相互作用过程模拟提供了大量珍贵数据；\n2. 基于黑河流域各景观带数字化环境观测系统的第一手观测资料，已获取有关上游高寒草甸带冻土水文过程、浅山区森林草原带森林、草地SVAT系统水热传输过程、山前中游绿洲农田SPAC系统水热传输过程等一批前期研究成果，为深入了解黑河流域水文过程及其生态相互作用过程奠定了前期研究基础；\n3. SF-300热脉冲（GREENSPAN，澳大利亚）与SFS2-M热耗散（UP，德国）对临泽绿洲防护林主要树种二白杨和临泽小枣树蒸腾速率的对比观测结果显示：热脉冲测定的二白杨树干液流速率明显高于热耗散型测定值，其值分别为217.1g cm-2和83.1 g cm-2；用热脉冲法和热耗散法测定的枣树每天树干液流量分别为443.65±23.13g cm-2和745.01±13.47g cm-2；\n4. Trime-TDR与烘干法测定土壤含水率的对比试验表明，测点土壤含水量小于5%时，Trime-TDR的测量结果与烘干法的偏差很大，当含水量在5-40%的范围内变动时，Trime-TDR测定精度较高；\n5. 相同型号的六个Trime-TDR传感器的平行对比实验（介质亦为容重1.4g/cm3的石英砂）结果表明：不同的传感器对给定的介质含水量测量结果误差大小有别，且不同的介质含水量测量时，误差的表现也不一样，其中含水量为5%时，有四个传感器测量的相对误差大于25%；含水量为35%时，有五个传感器测量的相对误差小于2%；\n6. 集铂电阻（PRT）与湿敏电容技术于一体的的HMP45D传感器（Vaisala，芬兰）对测量大气温度和大气相对湿度的测定精度较高，两个HMP45D传感器测定温度与湿度结果平均值分别相差0.038℃和1.5％；\n7. Kipp & Zonen公司 CM11型与CM6B型短波辐射表对太阳总辐射的测量互验结果显示：在晴天太阳辐射从早晨逐渐开始增强的过程中，CM11型辐射表的测量值要比CM6B型测量值大，在下午辐射强度逐渐减弱的过程中，两种型号的辐射表的测量值比较接近；\n8. Kipp & Zonen公司同一种短波辐射表CM6B对地面反射辐射的测量比较结果显示：在早晨太阳辐射逐渐开始增强的过程中，两个反射辐射表的测量值相差较大；在下午辐射强度逐渐减弱的过程中，两个辐射表的测量值比较接近。这种差异也可能与同一观测场内感应元件的位置不同有一定的关系。\n9. 8110型（Kipp & Zonen）与QMN101型（NovaLynx Corporation）对净全波辐射通量对比试验结果表明：8110型测量值比QMN101型测量值大，在正午前后和午后辐射强度逐渐减弱的过程中，差异更显著；在夜间两者间的差值相对小一些；\n10. 黑河流域数字化网络监测系统数据质量控制、仪表维护需要加强；特定环境下的大气降水和土壤含水量等的测量技术需要改进和提高。 |
| 英文摘要 | Advanced ENVIS digital network monitoring system has been carried out across Inland river basins of northwest China have unique water cycling systems and eco-hydrological coupling processes. Both the cold and arid regions occur in the same basin and form diverse natural landscapes, including snow and glacier, alpine meadow and permafrost, sub-alpine forest and grassland, water bodies, Gobi and deserts, and oases and riparian forest, which closely connected with each other by water channels. The eco-hydrological observation experiments of soil vegetation atmosphere transfer (SVAT) have been carried out across the different landscape types of the Heihe river basin (HRB) since 2000. The detailed design, instrumentation, calibration, operation, observations, and data quality control of the system were fully documented in this paper. The main results were listed as below:\n1.\tDifferent landscape types in HRB since 2000, and large amounts of monitoring data with fine quality and good spatio-temporal consistency have been collecting for almost 8 years. It would naturally provide important and urgent needed data support for the eco-hydrological processes coupling simulations and other related researches in HRB.\n2.\tBased on the settled field digital network monitoring system in HRB, a great deal of first-hand data and some preliminary research results have been achieved during the last several years in aspects of hydrological processes in the alpine meadow and permafrost regions, water and energy transfer processes in the SVAT system of forest-grassland regions, and water and energy transfer processes in SPAC system of oasis regions. Those research efforts have been directed towards further understanding the interacting processes and mechanisms of ecohydrology. \n3.\tWe used both the heat pulse sap-flow meter (SF-300, Greenspan technology Pty Ltd., Australian) and heat dissipation sap-flow meter (SFS2-M, Germany) to measure the transpiration rates of Gansu Poplar and Chinese jujube. It was found that the sap flow values measured by SF-300 (217.1g cm-2 d-1) are significantly higher than that by SFS2-M (83.1 g cm-2 d-1) for Gansu Poplar. While the sap flow values measured by SF-300 (443.65g cm-2 d-1) are significantly less than that by SFS2-M (745.01g cm-2 d-1) for Chinese jujube.\n4.\tSignificant differences exist between the in situ soil moisture content values from Trime TDR sensors and traditional thermogravimetric measurement. It is notable that Trime-TDR sensors have more precise measurement when dealing with 5-40% volumetric moisture content.\n5.\tSix Trime-TDR sensors of the same model were used to do parallel control experiments (medium material: silicon sands with density g/cm3), and very different performances were observed among those TDR sensors, e.g. 4 of the sensors have relative measurement errors larger than 25% when volumetric moisture content is 5%; 5 of the sensors have relative measurement errors less that 2% when metric moisture content is 35%.\n6.\tVaisala HMP45D sensors that combined platinum resistance thermometer (PRT) and capacitive humidity sensing techniques have relatively high precision, and the errors of measurement can be assmall as 0.038 oC for environmental temperature and 1.5% for relative humidity of the atmosphere.\n7.\tComparing the shortwave radiation values recorded by Mod CM11 sensors and by CM6 sensors which made by the same company (Kipp & Zonen), we found that values from CM11 sensors are relatively larger than that from CM6B sensors during morning hours when solar radiation was increasing, and the values from both kinds of sensors are quite comparable with each other during afternoon hours when solar radiation was decreasing.\n8.\tIt was found that there are significant differences among shortwave radiation values even by using the same kind of sensors (Kipp & Zonen, CM6B) during morning hours when solar radiation was increasing, while this kind of differences is less significant during afternoon hours when solar radiation was decreasing. This unnormal phenomenon may be at least partly due to the different settling positions of the sensors.\n9.\tComparing the measurement results from the two kinds of net radiation sensors (Kipp & Zonen net radiometer Mod. 8110 (0.3~30 µm) Vs. Vaisala net radiation sensor QMN101), we found relatively higher values of net radiation were recorded by the former kind of sensors, and these differences were even more significant during the daily hours from about 12 p.m. to 5 p.m. when the solar radiation density is decreasing, and less robust during night hours when the sunlight is not available.\n10.\tWe argued that it is necessary in the HRB to further develop and strengthen field digital network monitoring system, equipment maintaining and troubleshooting, and objective measurement techniques of precipitation and soil moisture under extreme meteorological conditions. |
| 中文关键词 | 黑河流域 ; 生态水文 ; 环境观测 ; 仪器维护 ; 数据质量控制 |
| 英文关键词 | Heihe River Basin (HRB) ecohydrology environmental observation equipment maintaining and troubleshoo |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 自然地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/286727 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 张智慧. 数字模块化环境观测系统理论及其在黑河流域生态水文研究中的应用[D]. 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2009. |
| 条目包含的文件 | 条目无相关文件。 | |||||
| 个性服务 |
| 推荐该条目 |
| 保存到收藏夹 |
| 导出为Endnote文件 |
| 谷歌学术 |
| 谷歌学术中相似的文章 |
| [张智慧]的文章 |
| 百度学术 |
| 百度学术中相似的文章 |
| [张智慧]的文章 |
| 必应学术 |
| 必应学术中相似的文章 |
| [张智慧]的文章 |
| 相关权益政策 |
| 暂无数据 |
| 收藏/分享 |
除非特别说明，本系统中所有内容都受版权保护，并保留所有权利。
