Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 不同类型冬小麦高效用水生理生态特性研究 | |
| 其他题名 | Studies on Eco-physiological Characteristics in Efficient Water Use of Different Winter Wheat Types |
| 董宝娣 | |
| 出版年 | 2008 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 刘孟雨 |
| 中文摘要 | 水分不足是限制我国北方干旱和半干旱区粮食生产的重要因子。生物节水是实现进一步提高作物水分利用效率的关键环节和潜力所在。深入探讨不同抗旱节水类型小麦的高效用水特性与机制，对水资源节约型农业的发展具有重要理论和实践意义。\n本试验于2005-2007年在中国科学院栾城生态农业试验站开展。主要以旱地品种（晋麦47、西峰20）和水旱兼用型品种（石家庄8号）以及水地品种（科农9204和石4185）等21个品种为试验材料，在4种不同的灌溉处理条件下，采用大田和盆栽相结合的方法，从作物的农田耗水、生长发育、产量构成、光合、蒸腾、蒸腾效率、叶片水分利用效率、根系特性和相关的生理生化基础（抗氧化酶、内源激素）等方面对不同生态类型小麦品种高效利用水分的机理进行研究，初步得出以下几点结论：\n1.不同小麦品种的产量水平的水分利用效率（WUEy）有显著差异，最大可相差72.43%。在严重干旱条件下，旱地品种WUEy显著高于水地品种和水旱兼用型品种。枯水年不灌水的试验处理，旱地品种西峰20的WUEy可达19.40kg/hm2.mm，分别较水地品种和水旱兼用型品种高10.29%和23.72%；水旱兼用型品种在适度水分亏缺下WUEy高于旱地品种和水地品种，丰水年不灌溉的处理，WUEy可达17.88kg/hm2.mm，分别较旱地品种和水地品种高27.08%和 26.54%；水地品种的WUEy较高，在水分较充足的条件下WUEy高于旱地品种和水旱兼用型品种，平水年灌2水的处理，水地品种石4185的WUEy为22.52 kg/hm2.mm，而旱地品种西峰20的WUEy仅为13.06 kg/hm2.mm，石4185的WUEy与西峰20相差72.43%，而与水旱兼用型品种石家庄8号的WUEy无显著差异。系统聚类分析表明，依据不同品种的产量、耗水量和WUEy，可把试验所用的19个小麦品种分为高产高WUE型、中产高WUE型、中产中WUE型和低产低WUE型4种类型。石家庄8号属于高产高WUE类型，而晋麦47、西峰20属于中产中水分利用效率类型。\n2. 耗水量和产量是影响WUEy的最直接的两个决定因素。试验品种（石4185、石家庄8号、晋麦47、西峰20）在不同降水年型下的平均耗水量差异不显著，平均耗水量都在343-350mm之间。而在不同的降水年型下的平均产量差异显著，旱地品种的平均产量显著低于水地品种和水旱兼用型品种。水旱兼用型品种石家庄8号的产量最高为6783.36kg/hm2,旱地品种西峰20的平均产量最低为5016.87 kg/hm2，品种间平均产量最大相差35.21%。说明品种间WUEy的差异主要来源于产量的遗传差异。\n3. 收获指数是影响WUEy的重要因素之一。株高与收获指数呈显著负相关关系（R2=0.5742），产量和收获指数呈显著正相关关系（R2=0.3212）。旱地品种株高显著高于水地品种和水旱兼用型品种。旱地品种的收获指数显著低于水地品种和水旱兼用型品种。最大可相差27.78%。\n4.群体生物量影响产量和WUEy。在严重干旱条件下，旱地品种通过高的群体生物量而获得较高的籽粒产量，从而使WUEy处于较高水平。在枯水年不灌溉条件下，旱地品种西峰20生物量比水地品种石4185和水旱兼用型品种石家庄8号高3722.23kg/hm2和3578.40 kg/hm2，其单位耗水所形成的干物质（群体水分利用效率）较水地品种石4185和水旱兼用型品种高37.42%和21.33%。旱地品种在枯水年较高的WUEy是通过群体水分利用效率实现的；在平水年不灌溉的条件下，品种间的生物量和群体生物量水平的水分利用效率没有显著差异。品种间WUEy的差异源自收获指数（HI）的差异；但在充分灌水的条件下，水地品种和水旱兼用型品种具有较高的生物量、群体水分利用效率和收获指数，西峰20的生物量和群体生物量水平的水分利用效率显著低于水地品种和水旱兼用型品种。品种间WUEy的差异源自群体水分利用效率和收获指数的共同作用。\n5.叶片水分利用效率是群体水分利用效率的基础。水分胁迫在一定程度上提高叶片水分利用效率（WUEl）。在枯水年干旱处理下，旱地品种占优势，光合速率比水地品种高67.74%～94.47%,比水旱兼用型品种高26.10%～46.19%，从而维持了较高水平的叶片水平的水分利用效率。在中度或轻度水分胁迫下,水旱兼用型品种占优势，在枯水年灌1水条件下，WUEl比水地品种高11.74%,比旱地品种高10.30%～25.98%。在水分较充足条件下，水地品种占优势，但不同类型品种间WUEl没有显著差异。\n6.光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度是影响叶片水分利用效率的主效因子，累积贡献率达75%左右。其中光合速率的贡献率最大为44.04%，其次为蒸腾速率，贡献率为16.64%，气孔导度（gs）的贡献率为13.87%。要想提高WUEl可通过提高光合速率、降低蒸腾速率和气孔导度的方法来实现。\n7.激素在植物抗旱和高水分利用效率方面有重要作用。在干旱条件下，叶片聚集大量的脱落酸（ABA），降低气孔的开度，提高叶片水分利用效率来适应水分胁迫。根部产生大量的生长素（IAA）促进根系下扎，吸收深层水分而缓解缺水压力。旱地品种在茎秆和叶片处赤霉素（GA1+3）的超补偿效应，使株高和生物学产量有明显增加的趋势，表现了高秆旱薄型品种遇水对赤霉素敏感，快速生长，高效利用水分的特性。水地品种穗部玉米素核苷（ZR）和GA1+3在各部位的大量聚集，产生补偿效应，提高经济产量，进一步阐述了不同抗旱类型小麦适应干旱的策略差异的可能性。生长调节物质的变化与作物水分利用的关系需进一步探讨。\n8.不同抗旱类型的小麦在不同环境下的响应方式和适应策略有所差异。旱地品种具有早发性，苗期具有生长优势和高效利用水分的特点。在极端干旱条件下，充分发挥增加群体量的优势，提高生物量和群体水分利用效率来获取部分经济产量。而水地品种和水旱兼用型品种在水分较充足条件下，主要靠增加生物量和收获指数来获取较高产量。\n 9.从品种对水分胁迫的综合考虑来看，在华北水资源日益短缺的情况下，高产高WUE的水旱兼用型品种石家庄8号在不同的降雨年型（极端干旱条件下除外），不同的灌溉处理条件下，产量和水分利用效率都处于较高水平，具有明显的增产节水效应，适于在华北地区种植。 |
| 英文摘要 | Water shortage is an important factor that restricts food production in arid and semi-arid area in north China. Biological water-saving is a key link in improving crop WUE. It has practical and theoretical significance for agriculture type of water resource saving to discuss the characteristics and mechanism of different drought-tolerant and water-saving wheat varieties.\nExperiment was conducted under field and pot condition in Luancheng Agro-Ecosystem Experimental Station, CAS from 2005 to 2007. The main experiment materials were dry land wheat varieties (Jinmai47 and Xifeng20), wet land wheat varieties (Kenong9204 and Shi4185), wet-dry land wheat variety (Shijiazhuang8) and some others (16 wheat varieties). Transpiration efficiency, harvest index, WUEl, water consumption, root characteristics and the associated physiological and biochemical indexes (antioxidant enzymes, endogenous hormones) were studied under 4 different irrigation regimes. Some preliminary conclusions were as follows:\n1. There was significant difference in WUE at yield level (WUEy) among different wheat varieties. The biggest difference in WUEy was up to 72.43%. In different precipitation years, drought-tolerant (dry land) variety, wet and dry land variety ( water-saving variety) and wet land variety have different responses to irrigation regime and change of WUEy were also different. Dry land variety had higher WUEy in extreme drought conditions than wet land variety and wet-dry land variety. For example, dry land variety, WUEy of Xifeng20 was 19.40kg/hm2.mm, which is 10.29% higher than wet land variety and 23.72% higher than wet-dry land variety in dry year and without irrigation; Wet-dry land variety had higher WUEy than dry land variety and wet land variety under moderate water stress. In wet year and without irrigation, WUEy of wet-dry land variety was 17.88kg/hm2.mm, which is higher than dry land variety and wet land variety by 27.08% and 26.54% respectively. WUEy of wet land variety was higher than dry land variety and wet-dry land variety with adequate water. For instance, WUEy of Shi4185 was 22.52 kg/hm2.mm. Dry land variety-Xifeng20 was only 13.06 kg/hm2.mm which were 72.43% lower than Shi4185 with irrigation twice a moderate year. There was no WUEy difference between Wet-dry land variety Shijiazhuang 8 and wet land variety. Wheat varieties were grouped into four types: high yield-high WUEy, moderate yield-high WUEy, moderate yield-moderate WUEy and low yield-low WUE according to hierarchical cluster analysis.Shijiazhuang8 belonged to high yield-high WUEy type, Jinmai47 and Xifeng20 was on behalf of moderate yield-moderate WUEy type.\n2. Water consumption and yield were two direct factors that affected WUEy. There was no significant difference in water consumption among different varieties (Shi4185, Shijiazhuang8, Jinmai47 and Xifeng20) under different precipitation years. Water consumption of dry land variety, wet land variety and wet-dry land variety was between 343mm and 350mm. Mean yield of wet land variety and wet-dry land variety were higher than that of dry land variety in different precipitation years. The highest yield of dry-wet land variety (Shijiazhuang8) was 6783.36kg/hm2 and dry land variety (Xifeng 20) was 5016.87 kg/hm2. The highest was 35.21% higher than the lowest in mean yield. It showed that dry land variety enhanced its drought tolerance without decreasing its water consumption, so the main factor that determined the WUEy was the genetic difference of yield.\n3. Harvest index was another important factor that affected water use efficiency at yield level. Relationship between plant height and harvest index was negative (R2=0.5742), and the correlation between plant height and yield was positive (R2=0.3212). Dry land variety’ plant height was obviously higher than that of wet land variety and wet-dry land variety. Harvest index of dry land variety was significantly lower than that of wet land variety and wet-dry land variety. The biggest difference between their harvest indexes was 27.78%.\n4. Group biomass had important effect on yield and WUEy. Under extreme drought condition, dry land variety got higher grain yield by getting more group biomass, which maintained WUEy at higher level. Without irrigation in dry year, dry land variety (Xifeng20)’ group biomass was higher than that of wet land variety (Shi4185) and wet-dry land variety (Shijiazhuang8) by 3722.23kg/hm2 and 3578.40 kg/hm2 respectively, and its dry matter per water consumption(WUEbm) was higher than that of wet land variety (Shi4185) and wet-dry land variety (Shijiazhuang8) by 37.42% and 21.33% respectively. Dry land variety had higher WUEy by improving group water use efficiency (WUEbm). There was no obvious difference in biomass and WUEbm among different varieties without irrigation in moderate year. Difference in WUEy of different varieties was because of harvest index difference. However, in full irrigation condition, there was significant difference in harvest index and group biomass between wet land variety and wet-dry land variety and dry land variety. For example, Xifeng20 had lowerer WUE at yield level and group biomass level than that of wet land variety and wet-dry land variety. So WUEy difference came from the mutual influence of harvest index and group biomass WUE.\n5. WUE at leaf level was basis of group WUE. Water stress improved leaf water use efficiency to a certain extent. Without irrigation in dry year, Photosynthetic rate of Dry land variety was higher 67.67%-94.47% and 26.10%-25.98% than that of wet land variety and dry land variety. It maintained higher WUE at leaf level. Under moderate water stress, wet-dry land variety had higher leaf water use efficiency. In dry year with 60mm irrigation, WUEl of dry-wet land variety was higher 11.74% and 10.30%-25.98% than that of wet land variety and dry land variety respectively. Wet land variety had higher leaf water use efficiency under full irrigation condition.\n6. Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the leaves were the main factors that affected leaf water use efficiency in three types, and cumulative contribution rate reached around 75%. Contribution rate of photosynthetic rate was the highest, which was 44.04%, then that of transpiration rate, which was 16.64%, and the contribution rate of stomatal conductance was the lowest among three factors, which was 13.87%. Leaf water use efficiency could be improved by increasing the photosynthetic rate, decreasing stomatal conductance and transpiration rate.\n7. Endogenous hormones had important effect on plant drought-tolerance and high WUE. Under drought condition, ABA accumulated in leaf, and it would make the stomatal become small, then leaf could adapt to water stress by higher WUE at leaf level. At the same time, root produced a lot IAA which promoted root to go deep, then root could absorb water at deep level so as to alleviating water stress. Moreover, IAA, ZR and GA1+3 increased in spike, which had good influence on photosynthate transposition from leaf to grain and increased the growth speed. Plant height and biomass of dry land variety increased obviously because of super-compensative effects of GA1+3 in stem and leaf, which made the wheat grew rapidly and high efficient in water use. In wet land variety, ZR increased in spike and GA1+3 accumulated in every organ, and these hormones made compensative effect on economic yield. Tt was further discusses between endogenous hormones and WUE of crops.\n8. Different drought-tolerant wheat types had different responses to the same condition and had different strategy to adapt to the condition. Dry land variety had early vigor and made best of growth’s advantages and had high WUE. It could get more biomass by using less water in extreme drought condition. It is to say that dry land variety could increase group biomass and WUEbm in order to get partial grain yield. Wet land variety and wet-dry land variety increased the harvest index and biomass production to get higher yield in full irrigation conditions.\n9. In general, Shijiazhuang8, which belongs to high yield-high WUE type and wet-dry variety had higher yield and WUEy than other varieties under different irrigation regime in different precipitation years (except extreme drought condition).It had obvious water-saving and yield-increasing effect in water shortage area of north China, so it was suitable for planting in north China. |
| 中文关键词 | 冬小麦类型 ; 水分利用效率 ; 性状指标 ; 灌溉制度 ; 根系 ; 产量 ; 耗水量 ; 生物量 ; 收获指数 ; 保护酶 ; 内源激素 |
| 英文关键词 | winter wheat types water use efficiency characteristic index irrigation regime root yield water con |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生态学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/286714 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 董宝娣. 不同类型冬小麦高效用水生理生态特性研究[D],2008. |
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