Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
中国城市演化特征分析 | |
其他题名 | Urban Evolution Characteristic Analysis in China |
牟凤云 | |
出版年 | 2007 |
学位类型 | 博士 |
导师 | 张增祥 |
学位授予单位 | 中国科学院遥感与数字地球研究所 |
中文摘要 | 对城市形态进行研究是引导城市健康发展的重要基础之一。目前,我国正处于快速城市化和高速经济发展时期,城市人口的迅速增加所导致的城市用地增长、城市空间扩展以及城市结构重组,正推动着城市形态的快速演化。鉴于此,从流域和自然区划中的城市个体入手,基于历史文献资料和遥感影像数据,以城市空间的拓展作为切入点,分古代(1840年鸦片战争之前)、近代(1840年鸦片战争至1949年中华人民共和国成立)、现代(1949年至今)对中国城市形态的演化进行了较完整的历时性研究,着力发现中国城市演化的轨迹、特征,总结中国城市演化的基本规律。\n论文的主要成果与创新点包括:\n(1)以时间为轴线,分古代、近代和现代分析了长时间序列中国城市演化和发展的特点,其中每个时间段内按照历史朝代或重要的历史事件划分为几个阶段来分析。\n古代,夏商周时期出现了规模较大的围着城墙的都城和地方城邑,城市数量少,功能单一,城市形态总体较为松散,城市主要集中在黄河中下游平原。春秋战国时期是中国早期大规模建城的时期,城市数目增多,出现了不少商业都会。黄河中下游地区,以及汉水、淮河流域是城市分布最密集的地区。秦汉时期,黄河流域、淮河流域和长江流域出现了一批规模较大的城市。三国至隋唐时期,北方中原地区城市逐渐残破,江南和周边地区城市逐渐崛起,南方成为中国主要的城市发展地区。该时期,城市总体形态上向套有子城的单一城垣转化,城市结构更为紧凑。宋辽金元时期,城市突破城垣的限制,向街坊制转变。许多城市扩建商业、手工业中心,城市形态大多呈不规则形。该时期,北方地区、沿海地区和云南、西藏等地区兴起了一些新城市。明清时期,资本主义萌芽出现并逐步繁荣,工商业市镇迅速兴起,规模较大的城市出现了功能分区。城市主要分布在黄河中下游地区、东南沿海和长江中下游地区。\n近代,1840-1894年,城市化进程十分缓慢,受一系列不平等条约的影响,不少城市开辟通商口岸并开设租界。1895-1926年,产生了一批帝国主义独占的城市,兴起了一批工矿业城市和民族工商业城市。1927-1936年,东北地区成为日本独占的殖民地,出现了不少殖民地城市。1937-1949年,华北、华中、华南地区的城市受到严重破坏,西南、西北一些城市有所发展。\n现代,1949-1957年,城市建设全面展开,城市数量有较多的增加。1958-1965年,城市发展起伏、不稳定,虽然城市规模急剧扩大,可是全国城市总数在减少。1966-1977年,出现了中国式的“逆城市化”现象,小城市分散建设。1978年以后,城市数量迅速增加,城市进入持续稳定的快速发展阶段。20世纪90年代,中国城市进入高速发展时期,城市边缘区迅速扩展,外延跳跃成为中国城市演化的主要形式,开发区、高新区、大学城、新的行政中心、新的体育中心等产业空间等引起了城市形态的演变。\n(2)以流域(自然区划)中的典型个体城市入手,沿着全国→流域(自然区划)→流域(自然区划)内的个体城市→流域(自然区划)→全国这条空间主线研究了中国城市的演化特征。\n从流域和自然区划入手,选取了七大流域中的五大流域——长江流域、黄河流域、珠江流域、海河流域、松辽河流域以及三大自然区划中的西北干旱区与青藏高寒区中的重庆市、武汉市、上海市、兰州市、郑州市、济南市、广州市、北京市、天津市、哈尔滨市、乌鲁木齐市、拉萨市等12个城市,以这些个体城市为研究切入点,按照时间先后顺序分析整个流域(流域的上、中、下游)或者自然区划内城市的演化特征,进而归纳总结中国城市演化特征。对长江流域、黄河流域和海河流域进行了流域内城市的演化对比。\n长江流域的城市依靠便利的水运条件沿江沿河延伸明显;黄河中下游地区在历史上是城市密集区,近代受铁路和工商业影响明显;珠江流域,尤其是珠江三角洲地区,河网密集,受对外交往中的特殊地位影响,发展迅速;海河流域内的城市,自然环境优越,受北京和天津两大直辖市的影响,形成了京津唐城市密集区;西北干旱区和青藏高寒区的城市则一直相对发展缓慢。\n(3)基于遥感影像重点监测了12个城市近30年来的城市空间扩展进行研究。\n通过对遥感影像的解译获取各个城市在不同历史年份的城市建成区的面积、空间分布及其在扩展过程中对周边土地利用的影响等信息,定量地分析了城市扩展过程中增加的城市建成区的面积以及这些增加的土地的来源和数量。对12个城市,采用同样的城市形态的定量描述指标,计算不同年份的城市分形维数、紧凑度指数、放射状指数等,进行了时间序列上的流域内(自然区划内)城市形态的量化对比。对流域内(自然区划内)的城市,从多个角度分析了影响个体城市形态演化和空间扩展的主要因素。\n(4)归纳总结了中国城市空间格局的演变、中国城市现状空间分布特点、近30年来城市扩展对周边土地利用的影响。从自然、政治、经济、文化、城市职能等多个角度进行了中国城市形态演化的主要影响因素的定性分析。\n近30年来中国城市扩展对周边土地利用的占用仍以耕地和城市周边的农村居民点、工交建设用地和其他建设用地为主。自然地理环境和社会、历史、文化是城市形态演化和空间扩展的客观限制条件,经济发展对城市演化和空间扩展提供动力条件,经济发展水平的快慢对城市形态演化和空间扩展的影响是在演化的速度、模式和扩展的规模、水平上,而政策因素则对城市形态演化和空间扩展的微观层次上产生较大影响。 |
英文摘要 | The study on urban morphology is one of the important foundations, which can help to guide a healthy urban development. Nowadays, China is in a period of rapid urbanization and economy development. With the increase of urban population, urban built-up areas expand quickly. Consequently, there is a fast urban morphological evolution mainly made by urban sprawl and urban restructure. \nIn view of these and the current situation which China in, this dissertation selected ten cities of five valleys and two other cities in other two natural area delimits as case study to find out the whole urban evolution characteristic of China. This dissertation divided the whole historical time into three periods: the time before Opium War in 1840 was anxiety, the period between the time of 1840 Opium War and the foundation of People’s Republic of China in 1949 was neoteric time, and the period after 1949 was the third period. The base data adopted were historical literature data and remotely sensed data (Landsat MSS, TM (ETM+) obtained in the about past three decades, a few image data were CBERS data and “Beijing-1” data. This dissertation studied the 12 cities morphology evolution characterizes based on the historic data and the remotely sensed dynamic monitoring the urban sprawl in the past three decades, then summarize the urban development characteristic of the whole valley. Besides, the main factors that affected the urban morphology and urban sprawl were analyzed qualitatively.\nIn the perspective of urban spatial exploitation, the dissertation tried not only to find out the processes, features, problems and reasons of 12 cities morphological evolution since ancient,but also to studied the potential relationship between the urban morphological evolution and the development of the society and economy of the city. Main research topics and initiatives in this dissertation included:\n1.\tThis thesis analyzed the characteristic of the urban evolution and development in China in the historic time. The process was carried through in three periods and each period was divided into many phases according to the historic traits and important historic events. The city of China in Helot Time mainly located in the middle and lower reaches of Yellow River Valley. In Qin and Han dynasty, many cities came into being in Yellow River valley, Huai River valley and Yangtze valley. While in Ming and Qing dynasty, the cities mainly located in the middle and lower reaches of Yellow River valley, coastal in southeast China and the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze valley. In modern time, the modern process was very low and the urban development was inconspicuous. At the beginning of the 20th century, many industrial and commercial cities rose up. The urban construction came into new epoch after 1949, especially after the policy of reforming and opening was carried out in 1978. In the 1990s, many new industry spaces result in the urban space expand fast and the urban morphology change manifestly such as newly built development zone, University City, administrative center and sport center. \n2.\tActing upon the 12 separate typical cities in different valley and natural area delimits, following the process of nation→valley (natural area delimit) →typical cities in valley (natural area delimit) →valley (natural area delimit) →nation, analyzed the whole urban evolution characteristic in china. \n3.\tThis dissertation monitored the urban space sprawl of the 12 cities based on remotely sensed data in the past thirty years. The built-up area and distribution information of each city in different year were extracted from the remotely sensed data. Furthermore, the effects upon environmental land during the process of urban expansion were calculated and analyzed. Fractal dimension, compact index and radiation index were adopted to compare and study each city in corresponding time. Besides, the factors affecting the urban morphology evolution and urban sprawl were analyzed.\n4.\tDuring the course of expansion, much arable land, rural land, communication land, other construction land and sea land converted into part of the built-up area in the past thirty years. The influencing factors of urban morphology evolution and built-up sprawl were analyzed from the natural controlling factor, economic development, population growth etc. The natural environment, society, history and cultural is the external confine condition; the economic development is the fundamental impetus, the speed of economic development directly affect the speed and mode of the urban evolution and the dimension and level of urban expansion; while the police affect the urban morphology evolution and space sprawl mainly in the microcosmic layer. |
中文关键词 | 城市演化 ; 遥感 ; GIS ; 城市建成区 ; 城市扩展 ; 城市形态 ; 分形维数 ; 紧凑度指数 ; 放射状指数 ; 定量研究 |
英文关键词 | urban evolution remote sensing GIS built-up area urban sprawl urban morphology fractal dimension compactness index radiation index quantificational study |
语种 | 中文 |
国家 | 中国 |
来源学科分类 | 地图学与地理信息系统 |
来源机构 | 中国科学院遥感应用研究所 |
资源类型 | 学位论文 |
条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/286607 |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 牟凤云. 中国城市演化特征分析[D]. 中国科学院遥感与数字地球研究所,2007. |
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