Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 干旱山地森林景观生态系统服务功能综合评价—以祁连山为例 | |
| 其他题名 | Integrated estimation for the ecological service of the forest landscape ecosystem in arid region—a case study on Qilian Mountains |
| 汤萃文 | |
| 出版年 | 2007 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 肖笃宁 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所 |
| 中文摘要 | 祁连山是中国西北干旱区的典型山地，在西北干旱内流区发挥着其独特的生态环境功能。准确评价其生态系统服务功能具有重要意义。本论文将围绕祁连山森林生态系统的有机质生产、碳循环、水源涵养以及水土保持等主要的生态系统服务功能，以“系统结构-系统功能-系统服务”的关系为理论依据，以充分考虑各项服务功能的空间异质性为研究思路，运用GIS等空间分析方法和统计学方法,结合生物量转换因子连续函数法,通用水土流失方程等方法,定量评价干旱山地生态系统的生态服务功能，并且在此基础上计算其生态服务功能间接价值，旨在揭示干旱山地生态系统景观格局与服务功能之间的关系, 并且为干旱山地生态系统的综合评价奠定基础，同时为其生态环境建设和科学管理提供理论依据。本论文取得如下研究成果：\n1.位于祁连山东段的石羊河流域上游和位于中段的黑河流域上游之间景观格局的不同之处在于：石羊河上游地势比黑河上游低缓，阴坡和半阴坡比例大于黑河上游。石羊河上游农田面积比例较大，而黑河上游农田面积比例很小。由于受人为干扰较少，黑河上游各景观组分连通性和完整性较好,斑块形状较为复杂；石羊河上游景观连通性和完整性较差，景观总体的破碎化程度也较高。\n2．对祁连山各类森林植被的生物量和青海云杉林净初级生产力的估算结果为：（1）祁连山各类植被总平均生物量为15.62t.hm-2，总生物量为73578116.69t。平均生物量乔木林＞灌木林＞草地，而总生物量草地＞乔木林＞灌木林。（2）林分生物量主要分配在中龄林和中郁闭度组林分中，平均生物量呈现出随龄级增大逐渐加大的趋势，从幼龄林到中龄林增加很快，中龄林以后则呈平滑上升的趋势。（3）乔木林生物量的空间分布趋势是东部高于西部,南坡高于北坡，东西段之间的差异北坡比南坡更为明显。（4）乔木林生物量沿地形因子的的空间分布格局反映出干旱山地森林景观格局的特征。（5）青海云杉林净初级生产力为3.603t.hm-2.a-1,不同龄级林分从幼龄林到成熟林逐渐增加,从成熟林到过熟林又呈下降的趋势。在空间分布上明显呈现出的东高西低的特点。（6）土壤表层有机质含量对青海云杉林平均生物量和净初级生产力影响最大；与气温因子相比，降雨量与平均生物量与净初级生产力之间的关系要密切得多。\n3. 对祁连山各类植被和土壤碳储量和碳通量的估算结果为：(1) 各类植被总碳密度为7.95.t.hm-2.a-1, 总碳储量为35032558.38t.a-1，其中乔木林为9148357.97t，灌木林为5549226.81t，草地为20334973.6t。成熟林对整个森林植被碳储量起着很大的作用。（2）土壤表层有机质含量和碳密度均随土壤深度的增加而减少。阴坡植被类型（云杉林和高寒灌丛）土壤有机质含量和碳密度明显高于同一海拔高度阳坡植被类型（祁连圆柏林和草地）。同一土层土壤碳密度的变异程度阴坡植被类型低于阳坡植被类型。（3）土壤总碳储量为11.16亿吨，且草地﹥灌丛﹥乔木林，空间分布上南坡高于北坡，中部高于东部。（4） 祁连山青海云杉林在与大气的气体交换过程中起到较弱的碳汇作用。 \n4．对祁连山北坡典型林区的土壤侵蚀情况及其影响因素的分析表明：各植被类型中农田的土壤侵蚀强度最大，乔木林和灌丛控制水土流失的作用较强，草地由于放牧活动的影响土壤侵蚀情况也较为严重。土壤侵蚀模数随坡度的增加而增大, 林地和灌丛能有效地防止由于坡度的增加而引起地土壤流失现象。祁连山东段土壤总侵蚀模数和侵蚀强度高于中段的主要原因是由于东段农田面积明显高于中段，由于农田的开垦造成自然植被聚集度和连通性降低，也是自然植被控制水土流失的作用减弱的主要因素。\n5. 祁连山北坡东段哈溪保护站森林生态系统服务功能总间接价值为60109.24万元,单位面积间接价值为4284.34元/hm2，生态服务功能间接经济价值是当地国民生产总值的3～5倍。对涵养水源和水土保持服务功能价值的计算结果显示出，灌丛总价值最大，但其单位面积价值较低；林地单位面积价值最高，但总价值较小。这是干旱山地景观分布格局中灌丛面积远大于林地面积的分布特点所决定的。如果采取有效的措施合理扩大林地面积，将会大大提高干旱山地生态系统服务功能总价值。 |
| 英文摘要 | It is very important to estimate the ecosystem service function of the Qilian Mountains to a nicety which is lies in the arid region in Northwest of China and performs special ecosystem service function. Along the clue of landscape pattern – landscape function – landscape service function, under the principle of spatial heterogeneity of the ecosystem service function ,Geographic Information System and Statistics , in combination with Biomass expansion factor (BEF) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) methods were used to estimate the ecosystem services function of organic mature production 、carbon cycle 、soil and water conservation. Then the indirect economic values of the main system service function were calculated. The objective of this study is to reveal the relationship of landscape pattern and the ecosystem service function of the arid mountain ecosystem, give a foundation for the integrated ecosystem assessment, and provide a scientific basis for ecological restoration and ecosystem management.\n1. The difference of landscape patterns between the upper Shiyang basin and the upper Heihe basin is：the upper Shiyang basin is dominated by flat slope and gentle slope, while the upper Heihe basin is dominated by oblique slope and steep slope. The proportions of shady slope and semi-shady slope are significantly higher in the upper Shiyang basin than in the upper Heihe basin. The are proportion of farmland in the upper Shiyang basin is far larger than in the upper Heihe basin. Various landscape components in the upper Heihe basin mostly connectivity and solidity but the patch shapes are complex . The patches of various landscape components in the upper Shiyang basin have small area but are more uniformly distributed, and the patches of different landscape components exhibit a mosaic distribution pattern, and the landscape entirety have a higher fragmentation degree.\n2. The biomass of all forest vegetation types and the net primary production of the forest stand of Picea crassifolia in Qilian Mountain were evaluated. The results show that: (1).The mean biomass of all vegetation types is 15.62 t.hm-2, and the total biomass is 73578116.69t。The order of mean biomass of different vegetation types is high forest ＞shrub＞grassland, and the order of total biomass is grassland＞high forest＞shrub. (2) The high forest biomass is mainly distributed in the middle-mature and middle canopy density forest. The mean biomass is increased from lower age stand to high age stand with a rapid increasing from young forest to middle-mature forest . (3).The high forest biomass in the eastern is higher than in the western, and in the south slope is higher than in the north slope. The difference of high forest biomass between eastern and western is more distinctness in the north slope than in the south slope. (4) The spatial pattern of high forest biomass along topographical factor indicate the character of forest landscape pattern in arid mountain area.(5) The NPP of the Picea crassifolia forest is 3.603t.hm-2.a-1. The NPP is increasing from young growth young forest to the mature forest , but it is decreasing from mature forest to overmature forest. The NPP of the Picea crassifolia forest in the eastern is higher than in the western. (6) The soil organic matter content in the surface layer is strongly impact on the biomass and NPP of the Picea crassifolia forest. The relationship between the amount of precipitation and the growth status is more close than that between the air temperature.\n3. The forest ecosystem carbon storage and the carbon dioxide fluxes of Picea crassifolia forest were evaluated. The results show that:(1) The carbon density of all vegetation types is 7.95.t.hm-2.a-1,and the carbon storage is 35032558.38t.a-1 in which the carbon storage of high forest is 9148357.97t.a-1,that of shrub is 5549226.81t.a-1，that of grassland is 20334973.6t.a-1.The mature forest run important action in the carbon storage of forest vegetation. (2) Both the soil organic mature content and the carbon density are decreasing along with the increase of depth of soil layer. The soil organic mature content and the carbon density in the surface layer of the vegetation type growing in shady slope such as Picea crassifolia forest and alpine shrub are distinctly higher than that of the vegetation type growing in sunny slope such as Sabin przewalskii forest and grassland. The change degree of soil carbon density in same soil layer of shady plant is lower than that of sun plant. (3)Total soil carbon storage is 11.16 hundred million t. The order of the soil storage of different vegetation types is grassland＞shrub＞high forest. The soil carbon storage in the south slope is higher than that in the north slope, and that in the middle part is higher than that in the east part. (4) The Picea crassifolia forest ecosystem in Qilian Mountain acts as a weak carbon sink.\n4．The soil erosion in the typical forest district in the north slope of Qilian Mountains were analyzed. The results show that the soil erosion intensity of farmland is most among the vegetation types. The soil erosion of grassland is also serious because the influence of grazing. The action of soil and water conservation of high forest and shrub is stronger. The soil erosion modulus is increasing along with the augment of the slope gradient，however the high forest and shrub can effectively prevent the soil loss caused by the increase of slope gradient. It is mainly caused by the large area proportion in the eastern of Qilian Mountains than that in the middle part of Qilian Mountains that the soil erosion modulus and intensity in the eastern are higher than those in the middle part ,as well as the decreasing of contagion and connective of vegetation caused by assarting farmland.\n5. The total indirect value of forest ecosystem service function of the Haxi located in the eastern in north slope of Qilian Mountain is 60109.24 ten thousand yuan,and the indirect value of unit area is 4284.34 yuan/hm2. The indirect value of forest ecosystem service function is 3-5 times larger than the local GNP . The values of conservation of water supply and the soil and water conservation of shrub is largest ,but the value of unit area is lower. However, the unit area value of those above two service function of high forest is largest, but the total value is smaller. These results are decided by the fact that the area proportion of shrub is far larger than that of high forest. It show that if we enlarge the high forest area by reasonable measure, the value of ecosystem service function in arid mountain will be enhanced greatly. |
| 中文关键词 | 干旱山地 ; 生态系统服务功能 ; 空间异质性 ; 有机质生产 ; 森林生物量 ; 碳循环 ; 土壤侵蚀 ; 水土保持 ; 价值 ; 生态系统综合评价 ; 生态系统管理 ; 景观格局 |
| 英文关键词 | arid mountain ecosystem service function spatial heterogeneity organic matter production forest biomass carbon cycle soil erosion soil and water conservation value integrated assessment ecosystem management. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 自然地理学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/286568 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 汤萃文. 干旱山地森林景观生态系统服务功能综合评价—以祁连山为例[D]. 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2007. |
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