Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 修复镍砷污染土壤的超富集植物及其应用潜力初探 | |
| 其他题名 | Preliminary study of hyperaccumulators and their potential abilities of phytoremediation of nickel and arsenic co-contaminated soils |
| 谢华 | |
| 出版年 | 2007 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 陈同斌 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 |
| 中文摘要 | 基于超富集植物的植物修复技术是绿色、安全、廉价、高效的重金属污染土壤治理技术，已被成功应用于修复单一镍污染或砷污染土壤。然而，针对我国乃至全世界存在镍砷混合的土壤污染类型，缺乏合适的超富集植物种质资源，尚未开发合适的植物修复技术。本研究通过对高含量的镍和砷金属矿区进行超富集植物考察，同时引种国外的镍超富集植物优良物种，开展超富集植物耐性、富集、和修复能力等研究，为开发镍砷混合污染土壤的植物修复成套技术奠定科学理论与应用基础。论文的主要结果如下：\n1)\t对我国红土型镍矿和硫化铜镍矿两种典型镍矿区(云南省内)进行超富集植物考察研究发现：两矿区植物体内As和Ni含量与土壤中含量的回归关系达显著水平，土壤中两者的含量变化直接影响植物体内含量分布；矿区中90种植物的地上部和地下部的Ni含量幅度都较大，分别为2.14-2619 mg/kg和4.72-7532 mg/kg，砷含量范围分别为0-539 mg/kg和0-530 mg/kg；本调查未见镍超富集植物，但可喜的是，发现砷超富集植物F蕨的地下部能高量累积镍，在土壤平均Ni含量1830 mg/kg条件下，其地下部平均镍含量达2263 mg/kg；砷超富集植物F蕨和蜈蚣草都能在镍砷混合污染土壤中超富集砷，在土壤平均砷含量72.7 mg/kg条件下，地上部平均含砷量分别为110和93.4 mg/kg，这两种砷超富集植物对于修复镍砷混合污染土壤均有较大的应用价值。\n2)\t对西北荒漠的中国最大镍矿－金川铜镍矿区进行超富集植物考察，共采集分析了14科30属的32种植物，调查区域的物种数为：露天矿(20种)>新尾砂库坝(13种)>露天矿周边(8种)>老尾砂库坝(6种)>老尾砂库(5种)。调查中未发现潜在的镍超富集植物。优势物种主要为：砂蓝刺头、中亚紫菀木、弯茎还羊参、乳苣、芦苇、针茅属、骆驼蓬、泡泡刺、角果藜。砂蓝刺头、弯茎还羊参、乳苣、芦苇和密叶锦鸡儿适宜作荒漠矿区植被重建的先锋植物，而种植针茅属和角果藜可用于西北荒漠的矿区土地重金属污染治理。矿区植物的地上部平均Cu含量最高，为52.9 mg/kg。植物地上部Ni为5.1~155.6 mg/kg，平均含量为39.1 mg/kg。角果藜地上部Ni和Cu含量是所有植物中最高的，分别为156和239 mg/kg。回归分析发现，Ni与Cu密切相关，Cu含量越高，Ni的富集和累积Ni量也越高。\n3)\t对云南省个旧大型砷等多金属矿区中进行超富集植物调查发现，调查区域约15%的面积存在镍砷混合污染问题，另外，还存在不同程度的Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和Co污染；植物体内的As、Cr、Cu和Zn含量受土壤含量控制，两者间回归关系达显著水平；对调查区内143个植物物种的调查中，未筛选出Ni超富集植物物种，但发现了8种对As、Cu和Pb的潜在超富集植物。\n4)\t选取了4种引种镍超富集植物(Alyssum murale、Alyssum lesbiacum、Thlaspi goesingense和Berkheya coddii)和2种本土砷超富集植物(F蕨和蜈蚣草)，探索超富集植物对镍砷混合污染土壤的修复潜力。在Ni、As含量分别为520和60 mg/kg镍砷混合污染土壤程度下，4种镍超富集植物中，A. murale对土壤镍砷混合污染的耐受能力最强，在该程度的镍砷混合污染土壤中其地上部中可富集1.26%的Ni；T. goesingense和B. coddii 的耐受能力次之，受到一定程度的胁迫，但仍能保持较高的富镍能力，地上部中富Ni量分别为0.67%和0.36%；A. lesbiacum最弱，完全不能耐受镍砷混合污染的胁迫；在砷胁迫下，A. murale在3种镍超富集植物中生理胁迫反应最小，其富镍能力未受影响。2种砷超富集植物中，F蕨和蜈蚣草在镍砷混合污染中均受到一定程度的抑制，但仍能保持较高的富砷能力。因此，镍超富集植物A. murale与砷超富集植物F蕨和蜈蚣草都是优良的植物材料，是开发镍和砷混合污染污染土壤的植物修复技术的理想种质资源。\n5)\t鉴于在我国各大镍矿区均未发现镍超富集植物，在我国要开展镍污染土壤的植物修复工作，必需从国外引种镍超富集植物。目前，国内尚未有成熟镍超富集植物的培育技术，更缺乏大量的镍超富集植物种苗。为解决实际修复应用中的苗源这一首要难题，本文研究了对5种引种镍超富集植物(Alyssum corsicum、A. murale、A. lesbiacum、T. goesingense和B. coddii)组培技术，取得了其中Alyssum murale和A. corsicum各阶段的配方和A. lesbiacum的部分阶段配方：对外植体较好的灭菌方式为多种灭菌剂联合对外植体进行灭菌，在抑菌剂中浸泡3 min后洗净接种，另外还可将种子萌发为无菌苗以取得优良的外植体材料；A. murale、A. corsicum和A. lesbiacum适宜的愈伤组织诱导配方为B5+6-BA 0.5~2.5 mg/L +NAA 0~0.2 mg/L+ 1%琼脂+2%蔗糖；A. murale、A. corsicum和A. lesbiacum适宜的出芽诱导配方为B5+6-BA 1.0~2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L+1%琼脂+2%蔗糖，以B5+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L+1%琼脂+2%蔗糖对出芽诱导的时间最短且效果最好；A. murale、A. corsicum和A. lesbiacum的继代培养配方需与愈伤组织诱导阶段保持一致，即：B5+6-BA 1.0~2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L+1%琼脂+2%蔗糖；B5+IAA 1.0 mg/L +1%琼脂+2%蔗糖可使A. murale和A. corsicum两种镍超富集植物生根。\n本研究主要特色和创新之处表现在：\n1)\t筛选出用于镍砷混合污染土壤修复的植物种质资源。通过对我国不同类型、不同气候带的镍矿区超富集植物考察及室内生物学栽培验证试验发现，F蕨是地下部可高量富集Ni的砷超富集植物，是修复镍砷混合污染的良好材料；对国外引种镍超富集植物进行室内试验研究，筛选出可耐受As的镍超富集植物A. murale。\n2)\t解决引种镍超富集植物的苗源问题。研究出耐砷的镍超富集植物A. murale及A. corsicum的各阶段的组织培养配方，为在中国进行镍砷混合污染土壤的植物修复工作提供种苗，解决了在土壤镍污染修复应用的首要问题。\n本研究获得了修复镍砷混合污染土壤的良好植物材料，并开展技术应用的前期研究工作。今后，将对这些材料的生理机制和遗传特性进行深入研究，并开展镍和砷混合污染土壤的植物修复组合技术研究，以拓展植物修复技术在多金属混合污染土壤的应用。 |
| 英文摘要 | Phytoremediation, which base on hyperaccumulators, is a safety, low cost and high-effective technology to remove heavy metal from the polluted soils, and have been applied on the remediation of single nickel (Ni) or arsenic (As) contaiminated soils. However, there were no relative researches about phytoremediations of Ni and As co-contamination soils, which might course by Ni and As associated mineral that were widespread in China and many territories on worldwide, had been reported till now. The perfect material of phytoremediation to of Ni and As co-contaiminated soils, a hyperaccumulator that can accumulate both nickel and arsenic, was not been found yet. We could phytoremediate to soil combined pollution of nickel and arsenic, applying with Ni-hyperaccumulators and As-hyperaccumulators, respectively, as the substitution method. This dissertation research the basal and key component of phytoremediate co-contaminated soil of Ni and As, including screen the suitable plant materials, tissue culture of nickel hyperaccumulators, effectiveness of remediation, and Ni and As co-contaminated menace to hyperaccumulators, by means of field investigations and indoor experiments. The whole researches might be foundation to apply the technology of phytoremediation to Ni and As co-contaiminated soils in field. Main results of this dissertation as the follows:\n1)\tIn a heavy metal content survey of soil and plants in two typical nickel mining area in Yunnan Province, As, Cr and Cu different distribution were found. There were about 60% Ni and As co-contaminated areas were found investigation region of lateritic nickel mine, Yuanjiang-Mojiang nickel mine. As, Co, Cr ,Cu and Ni in plants were affected by the soils in both lateritic nickel mine and copper-nickel sulfide mine, Yuanjiang-Mojiang nickel mine and Baimazhai nickel mine. There were no new nickel hyperaccumulator been found in this investigation. However, the As-hyperaccumulator F fern were found could contain extremely high concentration in its root, and that might be the potential applied value in phytoremediation to soil combined pollution of nickel and arsenic.\n2)\tThe types and metal concentrations of the plant communities in Jinchan’s Ni/Cu mining areas in desert of Northwestern China were investigated. The number of plant species in different zone is in the order: strip mine (20 species) > around new tailing pond zone (13 species) >around strip mine zone(8 species) > around old tailing pond zone(6 species) > old tailing pond (5 species). Tirty-two species belonging to 30 genera and 14 families were found growing on the spoil heap, including 9 dominant species: Echinops gmelini, Asterothamnus centraliasiaticus, Crepis flexuosa, Mulgedium tataricum, Phragmites communis, Stipa spp., Peganum harmala, Nitraria sphaerocarpa, Ceratocarpus arenarius. The investigation showed that E. gmelini, C. flexuosa, M. tataricum, P. communis and C. densa were adaptive pioneer species, and planting Stipa spp. and C. arenarius could be used to remediating contaminated lands. Average Cu concentration in the aboveground plant was 52.9 mg/kg, which was higher than the average concentrations ot other metals. Ni concentrations in aboveground plants were 5.1~156 mg/kg, and the average value was 39.1 mg/kg. Ni and Cu concentration in aboveground of C. arenarius were the highest, 156 and 239 mg/kg, respectively. None of plants in this investigation was the potential Ni-hyperaccumulator. The result of regressive analysis indicated that uptake and enrichment of Ni by the plants was closely associated with Cu, and Ni concentrations in the plants were enhanced with the increased Cu concentration.\n3)\tIn a heavy metal content survey of soil and plants in large-size metal mining area with high arsenic in Yunnan Province, about 15% Ni and As co-contaminated areas were found investigation region, and different soil pollution of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb and Zn were found. As, Cr, Cu and Zn in 143 plant species were affected by the soils in the investigate area. And 8 potential hyperaccumulators of As, Cu and Pb were found. Pteris vittata, as As-hyperaccumulator, showed the hyperaccumulation to As in soils, was an excellent material to phytoremediate As contamination of nickel and arsenic co-contaminated soil. However, no new potential Ni-hyperaccumulator been found in this investigation, so if to phytoremediate Ni contamination of nickel and arsenic co-contaminated soil, should introduce the foreign quality Ni- hyperaccumulator.\n4)\tStudy the menace of nickel and arsenic co-contamination to the accumulative ability of 4 Ni-hyperaccumualtors (A. murale, A. lesbiacum, T. goesingense and B. coddii) and 2 As-hyperaccumualtors (F fern and P. vittata). Among 4 Ni-hyperaccumualtors, A. murale was the least menaced by Ni and As co-contamination, this extreme tolerance also showed in it’s hyperaccumulation to Ni, it could accumulated 1.26% Ni in shoot; the tolerances of T. goesingense and B. coddii were weaker, but still contain high ability of Ni accumulation, could accumulated 0.67% and 0.36%Ni in shoot, respectively; and A. lesbiacum could not tolerant the menace totally. Between 2 As-hyperaccumualtors, F fern and P. vittata were been both menace by the nickel and arsenic co-contamination, but still contain high ability of As accumulation; and F fern could accumulated more As than P. vittata. In short, A. murale, T. goesingense, B. coddii, F fern and P. vittata all have the ability to phytoremediate the Ni and As co-contaminated soil with 520 mg/kg Ni and 60 mg/kg As level, respectively, and A. murale and F fern were most powerful of them, and that might make them be fit to apply onphytoremediation of Ni and As co-contaminated soils.\n5)\tStudy the all stages dispensations of the tissue culture technique of 5 Ni- hyperaccumulators, and obtain all stages dispensations of Alyssum murale and A. corsicum, and part of stages dispensations of A. lesbiacum. One of them, A. murale was the powerful hyperaccumulator to phytoremediate to Ni and As co-contaminated soils in this research. The best disinfection way of exophytes was apply multiple sterile solutions, and then soak exophytes into bacteriostatic 3 min, or directly obtain bioclean exophytes apply the shoots from the bioclean seeds. The suitable dispensation to induced callus of A. murale, A. corsicum and A. lesbiacum was B5 +6-BA 0.5~2.5 mg/L +NAA 0~0.2 mg/L+ 1% agar +2% sucrose. The suitable dispensation to induced shoot of A. murale, A. corsicum and A. lesbiacum was B5 +6-BA 1.0~2.0 mg/L +NAA 0.2 mg/L+ 1% agar +2% sucrose, and the best one was B5 +6-BA 1.0 mg/L +NAA 0.2 mg/L+ 1% agar +2% sucrose. The suitable dispensation to succesive transfer culture of A. murale, A. corsicum and A. lesbiacum should be maintain with induced shoot stage, as B5 +6-BA 1.0~2.0 mg/L +NAA 0.2 mg/L+ 1% agar +2% sucrose. The dispensation as B5 +IAA 1.0 mg/L +1% agar +2% sucrose could promoting root of A. murale and A. corsicum. |
| 中文关键词 | 镍 ; 砷 ; 超富集植物 ; 土壤 ; 混合污染 ; 组培 ; 植物修复 |
| 英文关键词 | nickel arsenic hyperaccumulator soil co-contamination tissue culture phytoremediation |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 生态学 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/286537 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 谢华. 修复镍砷污染土壤的超富集植物及其应用潜力初探[D]. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,2007. |
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