Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 青藏高原植被垂直带谱的空间分布模式及地学解释 | |
| 其他题名 | Spatial distribution patterns of altitudinal belt spectrum and their geographical interpretation in the Tibetan Plateau |
| 许娟 | |
| 出版年 | 2007 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 张百平 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 |
| 中文摘要 | 青藏高原是地球上极为独特的地理单元，高原上发育了丰富的垂直带谱类型。对青藏高原植被垂直带谱的分布规律及地学解释研究，将有助于进一步了解青藏高原的景观分异，深化对山地垂直带的认识，不仅具有重要的科学意义，而且对于青藏高原地区的开发和建设具有重要的现实意义。\n本研究在集成青藏高原气候区145个山地垂直带谱数据的基础上，分别对北（35-40ºN）、中（30-35ºN）、南（30ºN以南）三区及整个高原的山地垂直带谱分布规律进行了探讨。应用ArcGIS、Surfer、SPSS等软件提供的空间分析、插值分析、回归分析和趋势面分析方法，建立垂直带与经度、纬度之间的一元与二元空间定量模型。利用山地气候数据，探讨了山地气温和降水随海拔高度的变化模式，结合气象台站及水文站的气候数据，计算和模拟了温湿指数（CI、WI、MI、Idm），并对山地垂直带的分布模式及其形成原因进行了生态学解释。通过此研究，主要得到以下几点认识：\n（1）在青藏高原北部区（35-40ºN），荒漠草原带的上限分布为二次曲线模式，草原带的上限分布为线性模式。亚冰雪带上下限东西向的分布模式与7月零度层分布高度模式具有较好的一致性，峰谷值与零度层模式产生东西向上的偏移。由最热月零度温度分布的模式可以预测北坡亚冰雪带分布模式。森林带通常处于降水最大高度区间（2500-3000m）。森林带的年降水量范围在490-630mm，平均为592mm，Idm干燥度在23-32之间，森林带上限最冷月的平均温度不应低于-14.5℃。从气候上说，制约该区域带谱空间分异的主要因素是湿度条件。\n（2）青藏高原中部区（30-35ºN），从西向东，雪线的高度呈线性下降趋势，在30-32ºN之间区域内，平均每增加一个经度，雪线高度下降80m；高山草甸带上下限高度随经度变化为二次曲线模式，草甸带宽度与山地相对海拔高度的变化具有较好的一致性，优势带宽度与基面高度呈反方向变化；由于山脉的阻隔，东南的暖湿气流很难到达高原内陆，致使西部高海拔地区的降水减少，由东至西，干燥度和温度都呈降低趋势，是基带分布差异的主要原因，基带依次分布着常绿阔叶林、灌丛、荒漠草原、高寒草原带。制约30-32ºN东部山地森林带上限的年均温为4℃，年降水量为550mm，Idm干燥度为39左右，基带为高寒荒漠带、高寒草原带的干燥度大概在5-17的范围内，森林基带的干燥度在50-70之间。\n（3）青藏高原南部区（30ºN以南），由高原南部边缘向内陆，垂直带谱的基带由森林带向灌丛草原、高寒草原带过渡。随着基面海拔逐渐升高，相同植被带的宽度逐渐变窄。高山草甸带和亚冰雪带上下限随经度的分布模型都为一次线性方程，从东向西上限的分布高度逐渐上升，草甸带上限高度随经度的增率为68m/度。由南缘向内陆，亚冰雪带的下限高度逐渐上升。在东西方向上，基带为灌丛草原带的山地，其亚冰雪带下限随经度变化的递减率为88m/ºE，基带为山地季雨林的山地，其亚冰雪带下限随经度增加的递减率约为42m/ºE。由于高大山系阻挡了来自东南方向的季风暖湿气流，处于雨影区的高海拔内陆地区终年寒冷干燥，分布着高寒植被型的带谱组合。\n（4）高山草甸带的上限高度在整体上从高原边缘向中心逐渐升高，高原边缘的上限高度在3500-4000m之间，高原中心的上限高度达到5000m。森林带上限由北向南呈现逐渐增高趋势。对雪线空间分布来说，三次趋势面比二次趋势面拟合的显著性更高，因此，可以用三次趋势面来模拟和预测青藏高原雪线的分布。地形条件与大气环流要素共同作用下，致使青藏高原整体的山地垂直带谱由高原边缘向中心呈现规律性变化的空间分布格局。多年平均降水量在400mm以下，年均温在2-5℃的北部区，主要分布以荒漠或荒漠草原为基带的垂直带谱，寒冷指数在65-137范围内的高原中心区，则分布着以高寒草原和高山草甸为基带的垂直带谱，处于喜马拉雅山脉雨影区的多年平均降水量约在200-600mm之间，年均温约在0-5℃范围内，主要分布着以灌丛草甸或灌丛草原为基带的垂直带谱，在高原的南缘及东南边缘，年降水量都大于600mm，年均温都大于5℃，致使此区域主要分布以森林为基带的植被垂直带谱为主。 |
| 英文摘要 | As the highest and unique geographical region in the world, the Tibetan Plateau developed various altitudinal belts. By integrating 145 altitudinal belt spectra, the dissertation focuses on the quantitative modeling and interpretation of spatial differentiation of altitudinal belts on the Tibetan Plateau. The relationship model of the elevation of upper/lower limits of typical belts against longitude and/or latitude were established according to climatic characteristics separately in three sub-regions as north(35-40ºN), middle(30-35ºN) and the south to 32°N by using the models of space analysis, interpolation analysis, regression analysis and trend surface analysis in ARCGIS, Surfer and Spss softwares The change trends of temperature and precipitation with elevation were analyzed and the temperature- humidity indexes (such as CI, WI, WI, Kira and Idm) were calculated from the mountain climate data. Then, the interpretation of spatial patterns of mountain altitudinal belt spectra and their relation with climate and topographic indexes were given. Main conclusions are as followings:\n(1) In the north sub-region (35-40ºN), the longitudinal distribution of the montane desert-steppe belt and steppe belt accord to quadratic and linear models, respectively. The distribution pattern of upper/lower limits of the sub-nival belt on the northern slopes is almost identical with that of air temperature at 0℃ in July. Forest belts exist within the zone of altitude from 2500 m to 3500 m a.s.l., which is the zone with the most precipitation in the east of Jingtie Mountain. The analysis with climatic indices indicated that the annual precipitation of 490-630mm, Idm dryness index of 23 ~ 32 and the average temperature in the coldest month below -14.5℃ are the upper limits of forest. The results suggested that moisture condition was the main factor controlling the distribution of forest belts.\n (2)In the middle sub-region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(30-35ºN), the altitude of snow line has the downtrend from west to east, showing a descending rate about 80m per longitude within the region of 30-32ºN. The longitudinal distribution of the upper/lower limits of alpine meadow belt accords with quadratic model. Changes of the width of alpine meadow are identical with the change of mountain relative elevation, while the changes in the width of preponderant belts are counter to base level. Southeastern wet air current can hardly enter into the interior of the Plateau due to the obstruct of high mountains, leading to less precipitation in western and high region than that in east, which may partly account for the higher snow line and the lower limit of alpine meadow in west than that in east. The decreasing dryness and temperature from east to west determined the transition of base belt vegetation from evergreen broad-leaved forest, shrub, desert-grass to frigid grass belt. The analysis of climatic indices in 30-32ºN suggested that annual mean temperature of 4℃ and annual precipitation of 550mm with dryness index (Idm) around 39 are the upper limits of forest in eastern region. However, and dryness index for base belt of frigid grass ranges from 5 to 17, and 50 to 70 for forest base belt. \n(3) In the south to 30ºN, the longitudinal distribution of the alpine meadow belt and sub-nival belt accord to linear model. Upper limit of steppe increased from east and west with a rate of 68m per longitude. Lower limit of sub-nival belt in the shrub-grass and mountain seasonal forest belt increased with a rate of 88m, 42m per longitude respectively. Snow line increased from the south edge of Tibet Plateau. It was shown that the precipitation decreased from south and southeast edge to the interior of plateau due to Himalayas’ blocking the way of southern wet air current entering into plateau, which may determine the higher distribution of snow line in the interior in the region.\n(4) The combination of mountain vertical belts on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau shows regular change from the edge to interior. The whole Qinghai-Tibet Plateau could be divided into 8 divisions. It suggested that both circumfluence and hypsography influenced the distribution pattern of climatic indices as dryness, wetness and warmness on the plateau. The upper limit of alpine meadow and snowline increased from the edge to the interior of the plateau. Forest line decreased from south to north. The comprehensive analysis indicated that the cubic equation is more remarkable than quadratic equation to model the distribution of snowline. |
| 中文关键词 | 青藏高原 ; 垂直带谱 ; 定量空间模式 ; 地学解释 |
| 英文关键词 | Tibet Plateau altitudinal belt spectrum spatial distribution pattern geographical interpretation |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源学科分类 | 地图学与地理信息系统 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/286534 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 许娟. 青藏高原植被垂直带谱的空间分布模式及地学解释[D]. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,2007. |
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