Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
四万年以来青藏高原特殊气候与水文事件 | |
其他题名 | Characteristics of climate evolution and hydrological eyents in Tibetan Plateau at some stages in 40-0 ka B.P. |
贾玉连 | |
出版年 | 2002 |
学位类型 | 博士 |
导师 | 施雅风 |
学位授予单位 | 中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所 |
中文摘要 | 40-23kaBP是末次冰期间冰阶晚期,相当于深海氧同位素MIS3阶段的后期。来自于北美与欧洲这些中、高纬度地区的传统观念认为,气候环境略比其前后的两个冰阶(即呱54和MIS2Z阶段)适宜,但远不如间冰期(如MIS5和MIS1)。来自于北大西洋的高分辨率的气候代用指标指示,此时气候存在不太显著的阶段性回暖,并且这种暖期是由特征的D-O旋回中的一个或几个暖阶段组成的(Johnsenetal,1992;Bondetal,1993)。然而,在青藏高原,越来越多的古气候代用指标,包括冰芯(Thompsonetal,1997),湖泊(郑绵平等,1989;1996;李炳元等,2000;陈克造等,1990;Pachuretal,1995),抱粉(黄赐漩等,1989;唐领余等,1998;山发寿等,1993)记录表明,40~23kaBP,特别是在40~28k扔P期间,青藏高原存在一个特殊暖(温)湿的气候时段,温度可能同冰后期全新世暖湿期相差不大(施雅风等,1999),湖泊达到了四万年以来的最高最大湖面,高原进入泛湖期,森林界线显著向西、北部现代荒漠草原区域扩展(唐领余等,1998;Shietal,2001)。揭示了至少40kaBP以来,中、低纬度季风区气候演化序列可能与处于中、高纬度的欧美地区存在明显差异。本文基于青藏高原及其邻近的中国新疆、黄土高原、北部非洲季风区、地中海地区以及印度洋、欧洲、北大西洋地区气候环境演化的综合对比分析基础上,揭示中、低纬度季风区,特别是西南季风区的青藏高原不同于上述其邻近地区40kaBP以来气候演化序列的特征;并在对青藏高原40k扔P以来的气候演化的动力背景进行系统分析基础上,探讨青藏高原泛湖期存在的气候机制。首先利用38个至少具有30k出P记录的连续的沉积剖面(9个黄土一古土壤沉积序列,一个海相(尼罗河三角洲前缘)沉积序列,其余为湖相沉积)对青藏高原及其邻近地区陆地气候环境演化进行了对比分析,结果表明:1)四万年以来,对应于两次夏季高太阳辐射时段(43-25kaBP,17-3.0kaB只日历年;分别对应14C年代的40~23kaBP,14-3.0kaBP),青藏高原及其邻近的亚非季风区湖泊群的演化经历了两次显著的扩涨期,显示夏季风增强,降水增加;地中海与中国新疆地区,在对应的时段,也存在湖泊扩涨现象。2)除了青藏高原之外的其它各区域,13~5.0kaBP湖泊扩涨比之40-28kaBP湖泊扩涨,程度相似,保持高/中湖面的湖泊数目相近,并略多。而在青藏高原,40-23kaBP湖泊扩涨远比13-5.0kaBP为显著;其中,40~28kaBP期间,湖泊浩瀚,河湖串联,高原进入泛湖期;此后,湖泊在波动中萎缩,阶段性气候适宜(夏季风增强)与冰融水的增加,造成了至少四次次一级湖泊扩涨;分别对应于28~23kaBP,22-15kaBP,13~11kaBP,10~5.0kaBP。3)末次冰盛期,青藏高原与新疆的冰川区与地中海局部地区,存在中等规模的湖侵;其中,青藏高原与新疆区域性的湖侵的产生,可能同冰期低温低蒸散作用与冰川融水增加有关。北部非洲季风区,湖泊处于同现在相似或更为显著的低湖面阶段;黄土高原区,气候干冷,黄土发育。诸多大河的沉积记录与其源区的水系地貌格局显示,40-23kaBP可能是青藏高原及中国东部现代水系格局形成与河流发育的重要阶段。在明确了青藏高原四万年以来的湖泊扩涨机制之后,本文选择青海湖,扎布耶茶卡/拉果错,甜水海/阿克赛钦湖,兹格塘错,错鄂五个流域,定量重建了两次夏季高太阳辐射时段夏季风增强的暖(温)湿期青藏高原的降水量。重建过程利用J.E.Kutzboch水能平衡方程,基于封闭流域全流域水量平衡模式,应用逐次逼近法(贾玉连等,2000;2O01b)取得各流域的现代气候相似区域,从而确定了水能平衡公式中各有关参数,计算蒸发量,从而得到了各阶段高湖面稳定存在时期的降水量。结果表明,在40.0一25.OkoBP高湖面稳定存在时期,青藏高原的年降水量平均比现在高200一300mm,分别是现在年降水量的1.7倍(青海湖),3倍(扎布耶茶卡/拉果错),5倍(甜水海/阿克赛钦湖);而全新世中期高原年降水量平均比现在高50一200m/。,分别是现在降水量的1.54倍(青海湖),1.16倍(兹格塘错),1.2倍(错鄂)。最后,在对青藏高原及阿拉伯海、印度洋、北大西洋、中国新疆地区气候环境演化的对比基础上,分析了青藏高原气候系统演化特点与动力背景。对青藏高原及上述诸地区末次间冰期以来气候记录的对比分析揭示:末次间冰期以来,青藏高原湖泊淡化、湖面显著扩涨期,即泛湖期,可能对应于呱Sse、MIS5c、MIS5a、MIS3c、MIS3a,即末次间冰期各暖湿期,末次冰期间冰阶;其分别产生于北半球中、低纬度夏季高太阳辐射阶段,具有准ZOka周期演化特征,夏季风降水是造成湖泊扩涨的控制因素。40~28kaBP(MiS3a),是距今最近的一次泛湖期,可称之为末次泛湖期,是在低纬度夏季高太阳辐射作用下,西南季风加强,同时由于北方冰盖的存在而使西风带相对南移,冷空气频繁影响高原,两种气流的交互影响,从而造成了高原的丰沛降水与环境湿润,是高原形成泛湖景观的直接原因。而最近一次夏季高太阳辐射阶段(17-3.0kaBP),高原再也没有进入泛湖期,湖泊大多维持中高湖面,一些湖泊甚至已演化成盐湖,接近干枯。对青藏高原及上述诸地区叩kaBP以来气候记录的对比分析揭示:北大西洋Heinrich事件强烈影响了青藏高原夏季风的发育,其叠加在由太阳辐射变化所驱动的夏季风演化的气候环境背景之上。在高太阳辐射阶段,可能显著萎缩了本该强盛的夏季风;在低太阳辐射阶段,促进了冰期的到来,并延伸了冰期环境,使由太阳辐射变化驱动的夏季风的时空演化呈现显著的不稳定性与不连续性。40kaBP以来,北大西洋与西南季风区气候演化序列是相似的,这种相似性是通过冷气候事件的严格对比而体现的,而两地的暖湿气候事件不存在必然联系。 |
英文摘要 | 40-23 kaBP, is the late stage of interstadial of the last glacial period. At this period, the Palaeoclimate-environment was a little more suitable than MIS4 and MIS2, but far more unsuitable than interglacial such as the last interglacial and Holocene i.e. MIS5 and MIS1 by traditional notion from Europe and North America in the high latitude of northern hemisphere. The high-resolution sedimentary records from the North Atlantic Ocean show the palaeoclimate became warm at some stages during this period, which was made up of several warm stages of D-0 cycles(Johnsen et al, 1992; Bond et al; 1993). However, in the Tibetan Plateau, more and more Paleoclimate Proxies of sediment records, from ice core(Thompson et al, 1997), lakes(Zheng et al, 1989; Li et al, 2000; Chen et al, 1994; Pachur et al, 1998), and pollen analysis(Kong et al, 1989; Tang et al, 1998; Shan et al, 1992) exhibited, during 40~23kaBP, the Palaeoclimate was probably warm and wet at some stage, the temperature might be equal to the warm and moist stage of Holocene(Wang et al, 1987), lakes reached up to the highest level and the most extensive surface of the last 40ka. Furthermore, the northern limit of forest greatly extended to the desert steppe at the north and west of China. These exhibited that at the last 40ka, the climate evolution sequence was far different from that in Europe and North America. Based upon the comprehensive correlation of climate records from Xinjiang, the Loess Plateau China, monsoonal region of north Africa(atthe north of equator), the Mediterranean, the Indian Ocean, Europe, and the Northern Atlantic Ocean, the paper exhibits the characteristic climate evolution in the Tibetan Plateau, and preliminary systematically analyses the intrinsic dynamics mechanism of climate evolution since the last interglacial, especially the last 40ka. First, using 38 sedimentary recordc> from the Tibetan Plateau and its neighboring regions, and a great number of data of lacustrine sedimentary records and palaeolake shoreline records, the paper carrys out the comparative analysis of climate evolution pattern, the following conclusions are drawn: At 43~25ka cal BP and 17~3.0ka cal BP(corresponding to 40~23kaBP and 14~3.0kaBP of I4C dating, respectively), the lakes in the Tibetan Plateau and its neighboring had experienced obvious expanding, which showed summer monsoon strong and precipitation increasing. Except for the Tibetan Plateau, the pattern and extension of lake expanding at 13~5.0kaBP was similar to 40~28kaBP, with more lakes maintaining high/intermediate levels. However, in the Tibetan Plateau, the 40~28kaBP lake expanding was more remarkable than 13~5.0kaBP lake expanding. At this period, several great lake groups had come into being by the interconnection of the presently isolated and closed lake catchments, and the Tibetan Plateau had come into the pan-lake period. From then, the lakes in the Tibetan Plateau, showed a tendency of shrinkage on the whole, and experienced at least four sub-expanding at 28~23kaBP, 22~15kaBP, 13~11kaBP, 10~5.0kaBP, respectively. At the Last Glacial Maximum, there existed obvious lake transgression in the present glacier areas of the Tibetan Plateau, Xinjiang, and some areas in Mediterranean region, which revealed a positive water balance in the catchment. The increased meltwater in summer and little evaporation for low temperature played an important role in maintaining high lake level in the Tibeatn Plateau and Xinjiang. In northern Africa and the Loess Plateau, the palaeocliamte showed a status like today. In addition, on the basis of analysis of the upstream channel system and river sediment of some great rivers such as the Yellow Rive^ the Yangtze River and the Indus River, originating from the Tibetan Plateau, the heavy rainfall at 40~23kaBP probably played an important role in building the present-like river channel pattern. After confirming the forcing mechanism of lake expanding in the Tibetan Plateau, using five lake catchments, including Qinghai Lake, Chabyer Caka/Laguo Co, Tianshuihai /Akesayqin Lake, Zige Tangco, Coe, the paper reconstructs the precipitation in the Tibetan Plateau at 40~28kaBP and the warm and moist stage of Holocene. Which is based upon J.E.Kutzbach' s equation of energy and water balance and the water balance model of the whole basin, and use \ |
语种 | 中文 |
国家 | 中国 |
来源机构 | 中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所 |
资源类型 | 学位论文 |
条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/286304 |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 贾玉连. 四万年以来青藏高原特殊气候与水文事件[D]. 中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,2002. |
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