Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 东北平原西部生态脆弱带典型区土地利用变化及其环境影响研究 | |
| 黄方 | |
| 出版年 | 2001 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 张养贞 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 |
| 中文摘要 | 土地是人类赖于生存和发展的物质基础。近几十年来，随着人口的急剧增长和科学技术水平的提高，人类的活动以空前的速度、幅度和空间规模改变着陆地环境，土地利用变化的速率明显加快，土地覆被格局产生了深刻变化，由此引发了一系列环境问题，环境变化正是土地利用结果沿时间和空间的累积。土地利用／土地覆被变化已经成为全球变化研究的焦点和核心问题，更是关系到人类社会经济可持续发展的重大问题。东北平原西部的生态系统具有脆弱性和敏感性的特征，百余年来由于人口速增，过度的土地开发，土地荒漠化日益严重，成为全球和我国土地利用／土地覆被变化研究(LUCC)的典型区和首选区。本文基于遥感信息和非遥感数据，在空间信息技术的支持下，以土地资源系统理论、地学信息图谱理论和景观生态学理论为指导，对东北平原西部农牧交错带土地利用的区域特点、时空变化模式、驱动因素和生态环境效应等方面进行了深入系统的研究。1．基于文献资料和前人研究成果，概括东北平原西部土地资源利的自然条件和发展历史。在GIS支持下，分析不同环境背景下土地资源分布特征；利用多样化和集中化指数模型，阐述土地利用／覆被现状数量结构区域差异性。2．以50～80年代初统计数据为基础，从耕地面积的时序变化角度分析了东北平原西部长时间尺度(30一50年)土地利用／土地覆被变化的过程和规律；建立土地利用／覆被Landsat TM影像数据库和专题图数据库，在GIS的空间分析功能支持下，选择图形信息描述参数，实现从不同土地利用／覆被类型图形的空间形态、空间相邻关系发展角度分析全区和典型区80年代中期至2000年即短时间尺度(10—15年)土地利用空间格局变化的特征、规律和趋势；建立土地利用转化贡献率和转化速率模型，揭示了不同时段各土地利用空间变化的内在过程和主导方向；以土地利用／覆被动态变化图为基础，分析土地利用变化的空间分布特征，建立了区域土地利用／覆被变化定性诊断图谱。3．分析近50年气候资料和人文因子在不同年代的变化特点，系统地研究了气温和降水等自然因子和人口、农牧业发展、经济状况等人文因子对区域土地利用变化的影响；从时间序列的角度分析了50年代至80年代初和80年代中期至2000年两个时段土地利用／土地覆被变化的驱动因子，在相关分析的基础上，分时段建立了区域土地利用／覆被变化的自然．人文影响统计诊断模型；针对不同经济类型区选择典型县，分析近15年土地利用变化外在人文驱动力的区域相似性和差异性；尝试以TH臣SsEN多边形方法进行社会经济统计数据的空间化处理，探讨了土地利用程度变化与人文因素变化的空间相关关系；以优先指数模型和土地利用类型转化率与距交通干线距离的相关模型分析了景观自然与人文结构对土地利用空间转化过程的影响。4．根据历史文献资料和前人研究成果，总结区域生态环境的历史演化过程和脆弱性特征表现与成因，选取景观多样性指数、景观优势度、斑块面积变异系数等指数，分析15年来东北平原西部景观格局演变；选择长时间尺度(50年代-80年代初)的气候、人口和土地利用变量作为自然和人为因素，采用主成分分析法从微观和宏观的尺度定量探讨了区域生态环境退化的影响因子；在GIS支持下，按不同时段分析80年代中期以来土地利用类型的空间转化过程可能引起的土地退化后果，系统阐述了近15年研究区生态环境退化态势及成因；在典型区生态环境特点定性分析基础上，应用空间主成分分析法，建立生态脆弱潜势指数综合评价模型，实现了基于栅格单元的生态脆弱潜势评价。研究的基本结论是：①近50年来，东北平原西部土地利用／土地覆被发生了显著变化，具有一定区域差异。80年代中期至今，耕地数量持续增加，面状成片、条带状延伸与斑块状扩展，呈现空间集中化特征。林地和草地不断萎缩，向较分散小块分布发展趋势突出，盐碱地等难利用地的空间聚集扩张趋势显著，未利用地先减后增，水域面积持续减少，居工地涨幅不大；土地利用类型的空间相邻关系趋向简单；耕地、林地、草地和未利用地相互转化是土地利用空间转化的主导方向，以旱地转为水田、草地和林地转为旱地、草地变为难利用地的转移率最高；在不同时段，各土地利用类型变化速度不同。②50年代至80年代初，土地利用变化与气候的波动性、人口速增和区域农牧业发展的不稳定性相关联，是受自然-社会-经济因素综合驱动的结果；人口的压力、落后的畜牧业和经济利益驱动是近15年土地利用变化的主导因素。③环境的退化是在自然和人为因素共同作用和互相激发下陷入恶性循环的结果。在潜在的自然因素的基础上，不合理土地开发利用是近15年区域土地荒漠化程度升级、生态环境脆弱性增强的主要原因。 |
| 英文摘要 | Land resource is the living and development basis of bt,nan being. In the last few decades, human have been altering the earth's surface to produce food through agriculture activities. The acceleration of land use/cover change (LUCC) has spurred renewed concerns about the role of land-use change in driving many environmental problems. Research on the causes and consequences of LUCC has been the focus of global environmental change studies. The west part of Northeast China locates in transition zone from semi-humid climate to semi-arid climate with many types of ecological landscape and is a typical area between agriculture and husbandry. Under the pressure of population growth and excessive land exploitation, such as over grazing and over reclamation in last century, the ecological environments that have been fragile become more vulnerable and unstable. This area is the typical and representative region of LUCC research in China. Guided by tine Geo-informatic Tupu theory, landscape ecology theory and sustainable development theory of land resources, using the tool of GIS with remote sensing images and other ancillary data, the spatial -temporal variation of land use/cover pattern, time driving forces of LUCC and its environmental effects in this agro-husb econtone were studied systematically and comprehensively. This dissertation includes tine following points: (I) The Geo- informatic Tupu characterizes the complex geo-information in direct and easily understandable ways, such as nlaps, images and graphs. In this paper, the concept model and flow Geo-informatic Tupu of regional land use change is introduced. (2) Study on the history of land exploitation ancl the characteristics of land resources and land use status. (3) Study on the spatial-temporal variation of land use/cover pattern. Based on the multiple-scale spatial-temporal databases composed of remote sensing data, thematic maps and statistical data, the cultivated land change trajectory from the 1950's to the 1980's was traced. With the spatial analysis techniques of GIS. the spatial pattern and change characters of land use/cover in recent 15 years were analyzed quantitatively using some graphic parameters such as shape complexity index, spatial neighboring degree, fractal dimension and circularity, which reflect the graphic information of land use patches. The transition rate and the transition contribution rate model were applied to explore the dominant courses and tendency of land use change during 1986-2000. Based on the analysis of land use symptom map in each period, the qualitative diagnose map of land use dynamic was produced for this area. (4) Study on the driving forces of land use/cover temporal-spatial change. On the basis of the systematical study on natural and social-ecomic factors including climate, population, technology and affluence status etc. during the past 50 years in this area, the multivariate statistics simulation models of LUCC were developed for two periods of 1950's-1980's and 1986-2000 respectively. Then, the Thiesson polygon method was used to the spatial allocation of soci-economic factors, thereby the spatial relationship between land use degree change and soci-economic factor variation was detected within GIS. Based on the analysis of the integrative characters in different geographical divisions, the electivity index was employed to describe the possible impacts of the natural landscape structure on spatial differentiation of land use transition. At last, correlation analysis between major roads and the distribution of land use change was made. (5) Study on the regional eco-environmental effect driving by LUCC. Based on historical documents and previous studies, the environment evolution process and its fragile characteristics were outlined. The landscape diversity, landscape dominance and patch grain size structure were used to reveal the landscape dynamic process during the recent 15 years. Then, on the basis of systematical analysis on the natural and artificial factors and their relations influencing environment evolution, the leading factors of eco-environment degradation from the 1950's to 1980's were extracted quantitatively in this area. Under the GIS spatial overlay and statistic analysis, the possible ecological damage or environment restoration induced by land-use change such as conversion of grassland, woodland into farmland and that of farmland into grassland or woodland was discussed during 1986-2000 time period. Thereby, based on digital environmental modeling and spatial principal components analysis, the eco-environment latent vulnerability index (ELVI) was produced to evaluate the eco-environment fragile status in the typical areas since 1980's. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Since 1950's, the land use/cover in the west part of Northeast China have undergone dramatic changes. During 1986-2000, the area of farmland and salinized land increased rapidly while that of grassland, woodland, and water area decreased significantly. The dominant land use change types were the conversion of grassland and woodland into farmland, dryland into paddy field and grassland into salinized land. (2) Land use/cover change in this ecotone was closely related to climate fluctuation, rapid growth of population and underdeveloped economic position, wherein social-economic factors were more important. (3) The regional eco-environmental status has been exacerbated severely in recent 15 years. Irrational land exploitation activities seem to be a main cause for land desertification. |
| 中文关键词 | 东北平原西部 ; 土地利用/土地覆被变化 ; 地学信息图谱 ; 时空模式 ; 驱动因子 ; 生态环境效应 |
| 英文关键词 | the ecotone in the west part of Northeast China LUCC Geo-informatic Tupu spatial-temporal pattern driving forces eco-environmental effects |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/286270 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 黄方. 东北平原西部生态脆弱带典型区土地利用变化及其环境影响研究[D]. 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,2001. |
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