Knowledge Resource Center for Ecological Environment in Arid Area
| 准噶尔盆地南部荒漠啮齿动物群落格局与制约机制 | |
| 戴昆 | |
| 出版年 | 2000 |
| 学位类型 | 博士 |
| 导师 | 钟文勤 |
| 学位授予单位 | 中国科学院动物研究所 |
| 中文摘要 | 特定群落中的物种共存机制一直是群落生态学研究的热点之一。准噶尔盆地是中亚荒漠区特有短命植物的分布东限，也是该盆地西部哈萨克斯坦荒漠和东部甘肃－蒙古荒漠啮动物区系的过渡区。为此，本工作立足于以下方面：（1）限制性资源对荒漠啮齿类动物群落的生态效应；（2）同域物种的生态分离与共存机制；（3）局域尺度的群落过程对区域物种丰富度的影响；对该地区的荒漠啮动物群落格局及其相关的制约机制进行了研究。主要研究结果和结论如下：（1）本研究采用目测法获取啮齿动物群落参数，此法在开阔的荒漠环境中有良好的运用效果较传统的取样方法有其优越性。同时运用人工种子斑块（seed tray）方法测定四足运动类型与两足跳跃类型种的取食空间，并以取食放弃密度（GUD：give up density）为指标测度了群落共存种对捕食风险的响应。（2）在三种主要的栖息地类型中，种子丰富度变化较大的丘间地类型啮齿动物物种丰富度最高，表明种子是该地区荒漠啮齿动物群落共存种物种丰富度的重要限制因子。基于种子时空分布的不均衡性，研究地区荒漠啮齿动物群落表现出由大沙鼠、子午沙鼠、三趾跳鼠和肥尾心颅跳鼠组成的稳定格局和由红尾沙鼠、灰仓鼠、小五趾跳鼠和小地兔组成的不稳定格局。这一结果支持在以色列内格夫荒漠人为食物添加试验的结果：在荒漠地区，资源丰富度变化导致物种丰富变化。（3）稳定格局中的共存表现出明显的栖息地选择，四足运动类型种主要在固定沙丘栖息，两足跳跃类型种则更多地在流动沙丘或开阔的生境中活动，说明栖息地的物理性质和植被特征对于群落结构的塑有重要影响。共存种在空间上分离，不会出现限制相似性原理预测的竞争排斥，有利于在单一资源基础上的共存。通过目测点的标记和食物盘（seed tray）试验结果表明，在捕食风险的作用下，不同运动形态特征种表现出明显的微栖息地选择差异，这种差异构成了该地区荒漠生态系统中物种共存的基础。（4）昼间活动种和夜间活动种在取食类型和取食方式上截然不同，表明由于日活动时间（昼－夜）的差异，共存种的取食对策发生变化，共存种基于资源利用分离而共存。（5）该地区荒漠啮齿动物共存种间存在大于3的体重比，从胃容物种子量分析的结果还显示：不同大小体形的物种之间存在明显的种子大小利用差异，这也是群落组成种在单一资源上可能共存的原因之一。与准噶尔盆地周边主要荒漠比较说明，这些荒漠生态系统中的啮齿动物群落表现出相对一致的共存种体形大小格局特征。说明这种格局在局域尺度上具有一定的普适性。 |
| 英文摘要 | Studies on the coexistence mechanism for the species in a local community have been one of the hot topics in the field of community ecology. Dzungaria Basin is the eastern distribution limit for extreme short-life plants in Asian deserts, as well as the transitional zone of desert rodent fauna between Hasake desert and Gansu-Mongolia desert. So in this work, we focused no the following aspects: 1) The ecological effect of ephemeral resource on the rodent community; 2) The ecological isolation and coexistence mechanism for the sympatric species; 3) The effect of ecological process in a regional scale on the specie richness to investigate the community Patterns and limitation Mechanism of the desert rodents in this region, the main results and conclusions were as follows: We first attempted to employ the witness method to directly estimate the community parameters in open desert environment, and the seed-tray method to determine the food-fetching ways for bipedal and quadrupedal rodent species, using giving up density (GUP) as a index to evaluate the response of community coexistent species to predation risk. The results demonstrated that the direct witness method is an available method in an open desert environment and shows some advantages compared with the conventional sampling methods. It has no harm and little bait error to animal sampling. Among the three main kinds of habitats, the terrains between dunes which have relatively large differences in seed richness occupied the highest species richness, indicating that seed is one of the most important limitation factors to the species richness in the desert rodent community. Due to the unbalanced distribution of resources in time and space, and the competition for resources among the coexistant species, the community of desert rodents in this region exhibits a stable and unstable patterns. This result has confirmed the previous reports on that in a desert region, resource richness resulted in the species richness. The coexist species in a stable pattern shows obvious differences in habitat selection, The qudrapedal species mainly live in a fixed dune terrain, while for bipedal species, they prefer to habitat in mobile dunes or open environments, which implied that the physical properties and vegetation features played an important role in their community structures. Based upon these results, the spatial separation of coexisted species may not have competitive exclusion predicted by limited similary theory. So they live together relying on a single resource. The forage types and ways for the diurnal and nocturnal species are quite different, which indicate that the coexisted species adopted the different strategies, they coexisted on resource- partioning. The results of spot marking and seed-tray measurements reveal that under the role of predation risk, the species with different locomotion showed obvious differences in their habitat selection, and it is this difference which build the basis for the species coexistence in a simple ecological system. There existed the weight ratio of more than 3 for the coexisted desert rodents. The analysis on the amount of seed in their stomach showed that there were some differences in the seed utilization among the species with different body-sizes. Based on these differences, the coexisted species achieved the coexited pattern with a single resource. Comparison with the desert at the fuuna of Zungaria Basin reveals that there is a relatively uniform coexistence pattern for the species with different sizes. This pattern is of wide applicability in the local scale. Consequently coexistence mechanism of local scale was one of the main reasons to hinder the dispersal between the two rodent fauna in the east and west parts of Dzungaria Basin. |
| 中文关键词 | 准噶尔盆地 ; 荒漠啮齿动物 ; 群落格局 ; 制约机制 |
| 英文关键词 | dzungaria basin desert rodents the community patterns coexistence mechanism |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 国家 | 中国 |
| 来源机构 | 中国科学院动物研究所 |
| 资源类型 | 学位论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/286247 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 戴昆. 准噶尔盆地南部荒漠啮齿动物群落格局与制约机制[D]. 中国科学院动物研究所,2000. |
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