Arid
新疆野生果树生物多样性及其保护研究
阎国荣
出版年1999
学位类型博士
导师曹同
学位授予单位中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所
中文摘要新疆野生果树种类独特,起源古老,栽培果树种质资源丰富,在我国生物多样性中占有特殊的地位。在国家自然科学基金项目(C39770085)和中国科学院生物分类区系学科发展特别支持费项目的资助下,通过大量国内外有关文献的查阅,本研究以全新疆范围内的野生果树资源为研究对象,以中国生物多样性关键地区一伊犁、塔城地区为重点区域(重点考察面积约30000km~2),进行了行程12,000km的野外考察、标本和样品采集,并进行了实验测试分析。首次在物种、生态系统和遗传水平三个层次上,比较系统地对新疆野生果树资源进行了生物多样性研究,得出了以下主要结果。1.在前人工作基础上,较系统全面地研究报道了新疆境内的野生果树种类,计有105种,含变种和亚种(不包括半野生果树、野生果树近缘种)。其中,蔷薇科野生果树为主要类群,有13属50种,占新疆野生果树总属的46.4%,总种数的47.6%:蔷薇科、忍冬科、虎耳草科以及小檗科四个大科含17属80种,占新疆野生果树总科数33.3%,总属数的60.7%,总种数的77.6%,显示出该四科的野生果树在新疆野生果树区系组成中的重要地位。2.新疆野生果树不但物种丰富,而且种类独特,其分布与新疆的地理、气候等生态环境因子密切相关,呈现出北疆多于南疆,西部多于东部,山地多于平原的分布格局。其中,北疆的野生果树种类多达92种,占新疆野生果树总种数的87.6%,而南疆仅有28种,占26.6%。受降水条件的影响,新疆山地与平原野生果树物种多样性的差异十分明显,塔里木和准噶尔两大盆地中仅有野生果树18种,而天山山区的就多达81种。这进一步证明,高海拔的山地是干旱区中的“湿岛”,有利于多数中生性的野生果树的分布和生长。几大山系中,以天山山区的野生果树种类最为丰富。3.伊犁和塔城两地区是我国落叶阔叶野果林分布面积最大,富有代表性的地区,但是果树林呈不连续分布。落叶阔叶野果林主要分布在新疆的伊犁、塔城以及阿克苏三个地区的十四个县市范围内。在野外调查和资料分析的基础上,采用MAPGIS软件首次分别绘制1:1,500,000比例尺的新疆伊犁地区和塔城地区野果林分布图,以及1:10,000,000比例尺的中国新疆及中亚部分国家野果林分布图。4.新疆野生果树林类型相对单调和贫乏,这主要与该区的地理与生态气候因子有关。据初步研究结果,新疆野生果树林可划分为:寒性落叶针叶林、典型落叶阔叶林、落叶阔叶灌丛、荒漠落叶阔叶灌丛和荒漠落叶阔叶小灌丛、半灌丛五种植被亚型。对主要的野生果树林的种群结构分析表明,不同强度的人为干扰明显地影响着种群的年龄结构,使种群更新困难。5.以不同性状为指标的新疆野苹果地理和生境居群特征测定和聚类分析表明,叶片性状受到生态环境的影响;而花粉、果实以及过氧化物酶分析显示出新疆野苹果丰富的种下变异,这种变异与居群所在的环境条件并没有明显的对应性,具有丰富的遗传基础。6. 昆虫及菌类是野果林生态系统的重要组成部分。对伊犁地区新源县交托海野果林区的昆虫进行了调查和标本采集,初步鉴定出昆虫11目,62科,178种。调查还表明,新疆野生果树已有病害31种,为害严重的病虫害8种。7. 由于新疆野生果树生态系统受到人类经济活动的强烈影响,野果林分布范围缩减、面积下降,物种减少,有的濒临灭绝状态,必须引起重视。通过本项研究,提出了新疆野生果树资源保护和可持续利用的建议及对策:(1)加强新疆野生果树种质资源的收集和保存;(2)应及早建立新疆新源野苹果林自然保护区和霍城大西沟野生樱桃李白然保护区;(3)保育和开发利用并重,实现资源的永续利用;做到因地制宜、重点突破、综合开发;(4)自然资源的获取应严格纳入到政府的管理范围之中。
英文摘要Xinjiang, as one of the original areas of fruit trees in the world with rich endemic wild fruit trees and germplasm of cultivated fruit trees, plays an important role in study and conservation of biodiversity in China. With the support of National Natural Science Foundation of China (C39770085) and a grant for Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, CAS. the present project of study on the wild fruit trees in Xinjiang was mainly carried out in Yili and Tachang, two of key areas of Chinese biodiversity (the studying area is about 30,000km~2). Based on field sampling and investigation (the routes about 12,000km long) and experimental analysis of the samples, the diversity of species, ecosystem and heredity of the wild fruit trees in Xinjiang were systematically investigated and analyzed. The main results could be summed as follows: 1. Based on previous literature and the field survey, 105 species (including variety and subspecies, excluding semi-wild fruit trees and the close related species of wild fruit trees) were recognized in Xinjiang. Among them, 13 genera and 49 species belong to Rosaceae, accounting for 46.4% of the total genera and 47.6% of the total species of the wild fruit trees in Xinjiang. Four main families including Rosaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Saxifragaceae and Berberidaceae comprise 17 genera and 79 species, accounting for 33.3% of the total families and 60.7% of the total genera and 76.6% of the total species of wild fruit trees. It revealed importance of these four families in the flora of wild fruit trees in Xinjiang. 2. Xinjiang is rich in deciduous broad-leaves wild fruit trees. The distribution of wild fruit trees is closely related to geography and climate of Xinjiang. As for distribution patterns, the species in North Xinjiang is richer than those in South Xinjiang, the species in West Xinjiang are richer than East Xinjiang and the mountains have more species than plains. North Xinjiang, with 92 species, is much richer than South Xinjiang, with only 28 species. Analyses showed that the distribution of species of wild fruit trees is close related to the rainfall. Among the different mountains, Tianshan Mountain, with 81 species, ranks the first, accounting for 78% of the total, while Kunlun--Arejin Mountain and Pamier Plateau only has 5 and 9 species respectively. Because of the difference of rainfall, there are obvious differences between mountains and plain in diversity of wild fruit trees. Only 42 species are found in two big basins of Talimu and Zhungaer, while 82 species are distributed in Tianshan Mountain. It further implied that the high mountains are \
中文关键词新疆野生果树 ; 生物多样性 ; 保护 ; 居群 ; 资源 ; 可持续利用
英文关键词wild fruit trees in Xinjiang biodiversity resource conservation population sustainable utilization
语种中文
国家中国
来源机构中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所
资源类型学位论文
条目标识符http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/286237
推荐引用方式
GB/T 7714
阎国荣. 新疆野生果树生物多样性及其保护研究[D]. 中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,1999.
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