干旱区生态环境知识资源中心(Arid): 青藏高原末次冰消期-全新世中期人类扩张的时空模拟

Arid

	青藏高原末次冰消期-全新世中期人类扩张的时空模拟
其他题名	THE SPATIAL-TEMPORAL SIMULATION OF MANKIND’S EXPANSION ON THE TIBETAN PLATEAU DURING LAST DEGLACIATION-MIDDLE HOLOCENE
	侯光良 1; 许长军 2; 曹广超 1; 鄂崇毅 1
来源期刊	第四纪研究
ISSN	1001-7410
出版年	2017
卷号	37 期号:4 页码:709-720
中文摘要	青藏高原有极端严酷的自然环境,地域广大,又是相对完整的地理单元。目前对史前人类活动的研究多集中在青藏高原单个地点,而对其扩张的时空演变研究、人类对高原征服的研究,对于理解人类对极端环境的适应及自身机能有重要意义。本文利用GIS,采用海拔、植被类型、水系等级、≥O℃积温等指标,构建青藏高原自然环境综合指数,并结合搜集的69个细石器遗址考古年代,按照环境适应扩张假说,即在高原自然环境相同或类似地域,人类扩张的时间大体一致,模拟末次冰消期-全新世中期狩猎采集者在高原迁移与扩张的时空过程。结果表明:末次冰盛期(Last Glacial Maximum,简称LGM,年龄范围24~16ka B.P.,)人类活动非常微弱,可能仅萎缩在东北缘河湟谷地与藏南雅鲁藏布江谷地,平均海拔1640m的局部地带;15~13kaB.P.,伴随LGM结束、末次冰消期的到来,细石器狩猎采集活动开始活跃起来,扩张至高原东北部的青海湖-共和盆地、东部的横断山河谷等,平均海拔2800m左右的盆地-河谷地带,活动地域占高原面积的5.5%; 13-11ka B.P.期间,沿着黄河、雅砻江、长江、雅鲁藏布江等干流河谷向更高的区域扩张,扩张区平均海拔3658m,新增的扩张面积占高原的11.4%,扩张较为明显;11~9kaB.P.迎来环境迅速改善、条件较为优越的全新世,狩猎采集者扩张至海拔4000m的高原主体,扩张区平均海拔3971m,新增的扩张面积占高原的11.5%;进入全新世大暖期的9~7ka B.P.,是扩张面积最广、速度最快的时期,人类活动迅速扩张至高原腹地,包括藏北高原、长江-黄河源区、昆仑山地等环境较为严酷的地区,其中许多区域现今为无人区,都发现了细石器遗址,本期扩张面积占高原的52.2%,扩张区平均海拔4700m,人类基本完成了对青藏高原的地理征服与扩张。但是高原的高寒山地、藏北高原寒漠、柴达木盆地盐漠等环境极端恶劣地带未被占据(约占高原的19%)。史前时期存在多次人类向高原迁移与扩张的过程,15-7 ka B.P.时期的扩张是由狩猎采集人群所主导的,自东向西,由低向高海拔,由边缘向高原主体与腹地迁移、扩散过程。环境演变是末次冰消期-全新世中期狩猎采集人群向高原扩张的重要驱动力,而黄河、长江等干流河谷成为人类向高原扩张的重要通道。
英文摘要	Attributed by vast territory, extremely harsh physical environment, and comparatively integrated geographical unit, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has become a valuable site to investigate adaptation regime of prehistoric human to extreme environment, which is currently focused on single dependent site in most studies, where an integrated research that coves complete scope the plateau is needed. To better understand expansion logic of prehistoric human moving towards the plateau, this paper build a comprehensive index to indicate the characteristics of natural environment by using GIS software, which is composited with elevation, vegetable type, level of river system, and accumulated temperature of O℃ etc.,combined with the archaeological ages of 69 gathered microlithic sites, followed by environmental adaptation and spreading hypothesis, namely the doctrine of the time of human expansion was broadly consistent in the regions where the natural environments were similar. We simulated the spatial and temporal process of prehistoric human’s migration and expansion on the plateau during Last Deglaciation-Middle Holocene. The results of our study indicated that during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 24~16ka B.P.),human activities were very weak, which is mostly likely distributed in the Huang River valley area of northeastern margin of Tibet Plateau and Yarlung Zangbo River valley of southern Tibet, where elevation was 1640 meters on average; during 15 ~13 ka B.P., the microlithic hunter-gatherer activities became strong, which had expanded to Qinghai Lake-Gonghe basin of the northeast of Tibetan Plateau, and Hengduan Mountains valleys in the east, where elevation was 2800 meters on average. The area of activity region accounted for 5.5% in the Tibetan Plateau. Also, during the periods of 13 ~11 ka B.P., prehistoric human expanded towards higher zones along the valleys of Yellow River, Ya-lung River, Yangtze River and Yarlung Zangbo River, where elevation was 3658 meters on average, the increased expansion area accounted for 11.4% in the Tibetan Plateau. The expansion was relatively obvious; during 11 ~9 ka B.P.,with the rapid improvement of environmental conditions, hunter-gatherers expanded to the principal part of the Tibetan Plateau. The elevation of expansion area was 3971 meters on average. The increased expansion area accounted for 11.5% in the Tibetan Plateau. During 9~7 ka B.P., the human expansion speed was the fastest. During the periods, the expansion area was wide, and the area was maximum in the period. Human activities rapidly expanded to the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau,including the northern Tibetan Plateau, the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers and Kunlun Mountains. Many regions among them were depopulated zones nowadays, but some microlithic sites were found there. The increased expansion area accounted for 52.2%,in the Tibetan Plateau during 9 ~7 ka B.P. and the elevation of expansion area was 4700 meters on average, the expansion and occupation of prehistoric human towards the Tibetan Plateau was basically completed. But regions (accounting for 19% of the plateau) with extreme environmental conditions, such as cold mountain area, desert plateau in northern Tibet, salt desert in Qaidam Basin had not been occupied. Migration and expansion of prehistoric human towards Tibetan Plateau in prehistoric period occurred multiple times. The human expansion during 15-7 ka B.P. was oriented by hunter-gatherers,which happened from the west to the east, from low to high, from the margin to the principal part of Tibetan Plateau. The environmental evolution acted as important driver of hunter-gatherers expansion towards the Tibetan Plateau during the Last Deglaciation-Middle Holocene. The Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys were important passages of prehistoric human expansion towards the Tibetan Plateau.
中文关键词	青藏高原 ; 采集狩猎者 ; 扩张模拟
英文关键词	Tibetan Plateau hunter-gatherer expansion simulation
语种	中文
国家	中国
收录类别	CSCD
WOS类目	HISTORY ; GEOSCIENCES MULTIDISCIPLINARY
WOS研究方向	History ; Geology
CSCD记录号	CSCD:6030416
资源类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/235839
作者单位	1.青海师范大学, 青海省自然地理与环境过程重点实验室, 西宁, 青海 810008, 中国; 2.青海省地理空间信息技术与应用重点实验室, 青海省地理空间信息技术与应用重点实验室, 西宁, 青海 810000, 中国
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	侯光良,许长军,曹广超,等. 青藏高原末次冰消期-全新世中期人类扩张的时空模拟[J],2017,37(4):709-720.
APA	侯光良,许长军,曹广超,&鄂崇毅.(2017).青藏高原末次冰消期-全新世中期人类扩张的时空模拟.第四纪研究,37(4),709-720.
MLA	侯光良,et al."青藏高原末次冰消期-全新世中期人类扩张的时空模拟".第四纪研究 37.4(2017):709-720.