干旱区生态环境知识资源中心(Arid): Rock varnish on petroglyphs from the Hima region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: Chemical composition, growth rates, and tentative ages

Arid

DOI	10.1177/0959683619846979
	Rock varnish on petroglyphs from the Hima region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: Chemical composition, growth rates, and tentative ages
	Macholdt, Dorothea S.1; Jochum, Klaus Peter 1; Al-Amri, Abdullah 2; Andreae, Meinrat O.1,2,3
通讯作者	Andreae, Meinrat O.
来源期刊	HOLOCENE
ISSN	0959-6836
EISSN	1477-0911
出版年	2019
卷号	29 期号:8 页码:1377-1395
英文摘要	We investigated rock varnish formed on sandstone and petroglyphs in the Hima area, southwestern Saudi Arabia. To characterize the rock varnish, we made in-situ measurements by portable x-ray fluorescence (pXRF) and analyzed samples by femtosecond laser-ablation inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry (fs LA-ICP-MS). Detailed chemical analysis of the rock varnish samples and adjacent soil or aeolian dust yielded information about the varnish's geochemical context and formation mechanism. Untypically low positive Ce anomalies in the rock varnish samples correlated with negative Ce anomalies in the dust, supporting the hypothesis that the dust is the source of the varnish material. To study the varnish development, we made use of the fact that engraving the petroglyphs exposes a fresh bare sandstone surface without varnish, on which varnish regrows subsequently. We determined by pXRF the areal density of manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) that had been deposited as rock varnish since the creation of the rock art. The rates of Mn deposition in the newly formed varnish were then estimated by correlating the areal density of Mn in Ancient Arabian and Old Arabic inscriptions with their known age ranges. The observed deposition rates showed substantial variability resulting from differences in exposure conditions of the rock surface, but were in a range comparable with that of our previous measurements in northwestern Arabia. This variability could be reduced significantly by referencing the measurements to the intact varnish adjacent to the individual petroglyphs. This normalization provided a much clearer relationship between varnish deposition and age, and enabled tentative ages to be assigned to rock art motifs without previously known ages. These tentative ages spanned most of the Holocene period and were consistent with the culturally or ecologically derived ages of the animal and human figures depicted in the rock art and the styles of scripts used in different periods.
英文关键词	archaeometry dating growth rates mineral dust positive Ce anomaly rock varnish
类型	Article
语种	英语
国家	Germany ; Saudi Arabia ; USA
开放获取类型	hybrid
收录类别	SCI-E ; SSCI
WOS记录号	WOS:000479265000010
WOS关键词	DESERT VARNISH ; NEGEV DESERT ; EARLY HOLOCENE ; MOJAVE DESERT ; MINERAL DUST ; ART ; ORIGIN ; IRON ; RADIOCARBON ; PLEISTOCENE
WOS类目	Geography, Physical ; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
WOS研究方向	Physical Geography ; Geology
来源机构	King Saud University
资源类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/216134
作者单位	1.Max Planck Inst Chem, POB 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany; 2.King Saud Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3.Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Macholdt, Dorothea S.,Jochum, Klaus Peter,Al-Amri, Abdullah,et al. Rock varnish on petroglyphs from the Hima region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: Chemical composition, growth rates, and tentative ages[J]. King Saud University,2019,29(8):1377-1395.
APA	Macholdt, Dorothea S.,Jochum, Klaus Peter,Al-Amri, Abdullah,&Andreae, Meinrat O..(2019).Rock varnish on petroglyphs from the Hima region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: Chemical composition, growth rates, and tentative ages.HOLOCENE,29(8),1377-1395.
MLA	Macholdt, Dorothea S.,et al."Rock varnish on petroglyphs from the Hima region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: Chemical composition, growth rates, and tentative ages".HOLOCENE 29.8(2019):1377-1395.