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Holocene paleo-records of the Chinese Loess Plateau loess-soil profiles were used to reconstruct wildfire patterns and landscape evolution. We examine black carbon and charcoal influx, combined with the Magnetic susceptibility, delta C-13 values of soil organic matter, pollen counts and other paleo-environmental proxies to discuss interactions with biomass-climate during the Holocene. The history of fires from the charcoal and black carbon (BC, char and soot) influx at the two sites demonstrates a transition from climate-controlled low amplitude variations with peaks during the Early and Middle Holocene (11-3.1kyearsB.P.) to higher amplitude variability in fire occurrence decoupled from climate and tied to human activities during the Late Holocene (3.1-0kyearsB.P.). The difference in fire patterns was attributed to regional effective moisture and human land use over the entre Loess Plateau; meanwhile, fire activities observed during the Holocene are consistent with variations in vegetation composition inferred from delta C-13 values in soil organic matter, pollen counts, and paleoclimate proxies. Regional wildfires rarely occurred on the desert steppe dominated by a weedy C-3 taxon (Artemisia, Compositae, and Chenopodiaceae dominated)during the late glacial period. A limited biomass would not meet fire propagation in the extreme colder and drier environment of the Loess Plateau during those periods, though. As the climate became ameliorated during the early Holocene, there was an increasing biomass and a sufficient contribution do to high fuel accumulation from C-4 taxon (Gramineae). As the middle Holocene progressed toward warmer and wetter conditions, fire events were less frequent on the steppe and forest-steppe (e.g. expansion of trees C-3,C- Quercus, Corylus) of the Loess Plateau. Subsequently, the number of local and regional fire events have largely increased with the colder and drier climate conditions (e.g. expansion of C-3 weedy), which have been decoupling with intensive anthropogenic burning for farming since the past 3kyr. These data suggests that the regional fire patterns vary strongly along environmental gradients in the effective moisture and regional fuel availability as well as the spatial and temporal distributions of Neolithic burning practices over the Loess Plateau in response to the weakening East Asian monsoon during the Holocene.