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A field experiment was conducted from 2 May 2010 to 1 May 2012 in the Gurbantunggut Desert, the second largest desert in China, to investigate saltation activity and its threshold velocity, and their relations with atmospheric and soil conditions. The results showed that saltation activity occurred more frequently during 08:00-20:00 Local Standard Time in spring and summer, with air temperatures between 20.0 and 29.0 A degrees C, water vapor pressures between 0.6 and 0.9 kPa, soil temperatures between 25.0 and 30.0 A degrees C, and a soil moisture lower than 0.04 m(3)/m(3). At 2 m height, the saltation threshold velocity varied between 11.1 and 13.9 m/s, with a mean of 12.5 m/s. Threshold velocity showed clear seasonal variations in the following sequence: spring (11.7 m/s) < autumn (12.7 m/s) < summer (13.6 m/s). Affected by soil conditions, aeolian sand transport was weak, with an average annual aeolian sand that transported across a section (1.0 m x 2.0 m) of less than 6.0 kg.