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A Gram-positive, strictly aerobic actinobacterium, designated BMP B8004(T), was isolated from desert soil collected in Xinjiang Province, Northwest China. It produced an extensively branched non-fragmenting substrate mycelium, and very scanty aerial mycelium that formed a short hooked chain of arthrospores with a smooth surface. Optimum growth occurred at 28 degrees C, pH 7.0 and 0% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain BMP B8004T formed a distinct phyletic lineage within the genus Actinomadura. It shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Actinomadura apis IM17-1(T) (99.2%) and Actinomadura rifamycini NBRC 14183(T) (98.6%). However, it could be distinguished from the two closest strains based on the low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness (52.7 +/- 0.7and 45 +/- 1.8%, respectively). Chemotaxonomic characteristics, including the main phospholipids, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides, the major menaquinones MK-9(H-6) and MK-9(H-8), the predominant fatty acids iso-C-16:0, C-16:0, C-18:0 10-methyl and C-18:19 omega c, were also consistent with the properties of the genus Actinomadura. The DNA G+Ccontent of strain BMP B8004(T) was 71.9mol%. Based on phenotypic and genotypic features, strain BMP B8004(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Actinomadura, for which the name Actinomadura deserti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BMP B8004(T) (=CGMCC 4.7432(T)=KCTC 39998(T)).