干旱区生态环境知识资源中心(Arid): 云南石林碳酸盐岩表面气生蓝藻（蓝细菌）研究

Arid

	云南石林碳酸盐岩表面气生蓝藻（蓝细菌）研究
其他题名	A Study on Aerial Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) on the Surface of Carbonate Rock in Yunnan Stone Forest, Yunnan Province, China
	田友萍 1; 张捷 2; 宋林华 1; 包浩生 2
来源期刊	生态学报
ISSN	1000-0933
出版年	2002
卷号	22 期号:11 页码:1793-1802
中文摘要	云南石林的黑石头及其颜色会随着天气的变化而变化的自然景观，是由于其碳酸盐岩表面长满黑色气生蓝藻（蓝细菌）之故。经鉴定，气生蓝藻共4目，11科，31属，188种。种类十分丰富。其优势种主要为寄生微囊藻、红色星球藻、伯氏伪枝藻和皮壳伪枝藻等；寄生微囊藻和红色星球藻呈面状分布，相对均衡；伯氏伪枝藻和皮壳伪枝藻呈点状分布，相对集中。这些气生蓝藻的胶被色泽鲜艳，宽厚而坚硬，是适宜高山岩石表面生活的典型进化特征。在野外肉眼观察时，气生蓝藻还表现出不同形态的微群落；发现气生蓝藻能溶解石灰石，形成钻孔，加速岩石的溶蚀与风化。这些现象表明，气生蓝藻与云南石林岩石表面的微形态及整个石林景观的形成都有着十分密切的关系。
英文摘要	The well-known Yunnan Stone Forest is located in the Shilin County (former Lunan county, "Shilin" Means the Stone Forest in Chinese.) and 24°30’～25°03’N and 103°10’～103°40’E, 85km southeast of Kunming, provincial capital of Yunnan, China. It is not only a great tourist attraction, but also of important scientific and aesthetic value. In the Yunnan Stone Forest National Park, there are variety shapes of stones such as blade-shape, tower-shape and mushroom-shape. The best of all amazements is the color of these stones in changable with weather. When it is raining, offwhite stones become black. When it is fine, their black color returns original offwhite. After the field work on the Stone Forest, we found the black on the surface of stone results mainly form the living cyanophyta (cyanobacteria). These cyanophyta living on the dry surface of carbonate stone belong to typical aerial algae, which can live in the air or on rock surface lacking water and only obtain available water is form rain or fog. A great deal of the blue-green algae often appears when weather is warm and moist, but a few appear when weather is dry and cold at a long time. Causations of abundance aerial blue-green algae distributing on the surface of carbonate rock at the Yunnan Stone Forest are five points: First, In the Yunnan Stone Forest area, the mean annual air temperature is 16.3 C, annual precipitation is 800～850mm, the mean annual humidity is 75%, the mean sunlight of past years is 2318 hours, sunlight rate is 53%, and altitude is about 1700～1950m. It belongs to the sub-tropic altiplano Climate of warmth, humidity, raininess and sunny, so this kind of climate is of great benefit to algae living. Second, the Yunnan Stone Forest is typical stone forest karst landscape and is named as the stone forest karst museum of the world. There are a lot of pure carbonate rocks there. Limestone is more abundant with CaO content more than 50%. Many algae favor calcium and live in hard water or on the limestone. Third, the blue-green algae, as a kind of prokaryotic organism from 30 hundred million years ago, are greatly adaptable and can live in any place of the world such as ice mountain, hot spring, blue water and deserted rock. Fourth, protoplasm of the blue-green algae is denser than that of other algae and higher plant, and is colloid and flow less and have few vacuoles with liquid. Protoplasm of the blue-green algae gives out water very easily, but rehabilitate soon after sopping water. These characters of blue-green algae make them more likely to live on the places lacking water and rock surface. They can survive by little water supply. Fifth, the blue-green algae are most bullheaded pioneer plant and produce organic matter on stone surface for later biologic activities. Cyanophyta often extend in the same direction as downstream on the surface of carbonate rock and form many black strips named "ink-strap" or different black small communities which distribute and live on almost whole surface of carbonate rock, so that the carbonate rock appear black. During a long time dry weather, the blue-green algae grow comparatively slowly and shrink their cells to keep water in cell,f appear offwhite. In wet weather, blue-green algae grow quickly and its cells dilate, appear black. The phenomenon of color change may be observed clearly by steromicroscope. These ecological characters of the blue-green algae result in the formation of nature landscape of the black stone at Yunnan stone forests. The black color is changeable with weather change. For a further understand to these black aerial algae, this paper had studied in detail about the species community, dominant species, distribution and biological characteristics etc. Research methods include field collection, identification and statistic analysis of "Volume relative quantity" and "Appearance relative frequency". Volume relative quantity is the sum of homology algae volume percentages to be estimated in all microscope slides. A kind of algae volume (generally, the area of a kind of algae in the microscope slide is larger, the volume of a kind of algae in a microscope slide is bigger)percentage in a microscope slide is the volume of this kind alga to the volume of all kinds algae in a microscope slide. The volume relative quantity of algae is a relative numerical value and dose not represent actual volume quantity and only have comparative meaning and reflect relative biomass of a kind alga in the rseach area. Appearance relative frequency, if a kind of algae appears in a microscope slide, we name one time of appearance of this kind alga at the research area, then in all microscope, the times of appearance of a kind alga is the times of appearance of this kind alga at the research area, that is, the appearance relative frequency of this kind alga. Sixty-three bottles of algal samples and 253 pieces of microscope slides have been obtained. By identifying the algae by optics microscope, aerial algae are mainly cyanophyta that belong to of 188 species of 31 genera of 11 families of 4 orders. Among them, a new species Nephrococcus Shilin Y.P. Tian and three new varieties Asterocapsa rubra var. crassa Y.P. Tian, Asterocapsa changbaishannensis var. rubra Y.P. Tian and Asterocapsa purpurea var. minor Y.P. Tian were recognizd. These new species and new varietie all belong to Chroococcaceae. Cyanophyta on the surface of carbonate rock in the Yunnan Stone Forest is very abundant. It is suggested that the ecological environment of the Yunnan Stone Forest is very good. According to statistic analysis, we had worked out: (A) Volume relative quantity of Scytonema bohneri and Scytonema crustaceum are the highest, but their appearance relative frequencies are relatively lower. It can be explained that Scytonema bohneri and Scytonema crustaceum take on centralized and punctiform distribution on the rock surfaces. (B) Volume relative quantity and appearance relative frequencies of Asterocapsa rubra and Microcystis parasitica are higher. It can be explained that this two kind of algae take on uniform distribution. (C) The algae whose sum of volume relative quantity and appearance relative frequencies is higher are dominant species. The dominant species are Microcystis parasitica, Asterocapsa rubra, Scytonema bohneri, Scytonema crustaceum and Gloeocapsa atrata etc at the research area. Color of aerial cyanophyta’s sheath in the Yunnan Stone Forest is gorgeous such as red, yellow, purple and black. This is an important characteristic of algae living on the rock surface at alpine. Moreover, its sheath is thick and hard. These characteristics are evolution results, which protect water in algae from evaporation. Aerial cyanophyta not only make rock in the Yunnan Stone Forest in black color and form black rock landscape, but also play a important effect in the formation of stone forest shape. It was found that many aerial cyanophyta groups micro-communities of different shapes and erode carbonate rock into pits. The growth and distribution of micro-communities closely related to the formation of micro-morphology on the surface of stone forest rock. These actions of cyanophyta had been confirmed and researched on many literatures. Aerial cyanophyta accelerate the process of corrosion and weathering of the Yunnan Stone Forest, as a proper role, and take part in figuring of the Stone Forest shape, mechanisms of which need to be studied by biologists, geologists and geomorphologists together.
中文关键词	气生蓝藻（蓝细菌） ; 碳酸盐岩表面 ; 云南石林 ; 中国云南
英文关键词	aerial cyanophyta(cyanobacteria) surface of carbonate rock Stone Forest Yunnan,China
语种	中文
国家	中国
收录类别	CSCD
WOS类目	PLANT SCIENCES
WOS研究方向	Plant Sciences
CSCD记录号	CSCD:1044999
来源机构	中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所
资源类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/203395
作者单位	1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所, 北京 100101, 中国; 2.南京大学城市与资源学系, 南京, 江苏 210093, 中国
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	田友萍,张捷,宋林华,等. 云南石林碳酸盐岩表面气生蓝藻（蓝细菌）研究[J]. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,2002,22(11):1793-1802.
APA	田友萍,张捷,宋林华,&包浩生.(2002).云南石林碳酸盐岩表面气生蓝藻（蓝细菌）研究.生态学报,22(11),1793-1802.
MLA	田友萍,et al."云南石林碳酸盐岩表面气生蓝藻（蓝细菌）研究".生态学报 22.11(2002):1793-1802.