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Background. In arid systems with no surface water, deep borehole infrastructure development in ephemeral river beds pro vide for humans and animals. With continually increasing development for tourism in arid wildlife parks such as the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in southern Africa, we ask what effects increased abstraction may have onlarge trees. Large trees in arid savannas perform essential ecosystem services by providing food, shade, nesting sites and increased nutrients for many other plant and animal species and for this are regarded as keystone species.

Methods. We determine seasonal fluctuations in the water table while also determining the water source for the dominant large tree species in the Auob and Nossob rivers in the Park. We also determine the extent to which these trees are physiologically stressed using leaf (delta C-13, xylem pressure potentials, specific leaf area and an estimate of canopy in death. We do this both upstream and downstream of a low water use borehole in the Auob River and a high water use borehole in the Nossob River.

Results. Our results show that the trees are indeed using deep groundwater in the wet season an that this is the same water used by people. In the dry season, trees in the Auob downstream of the active borehole become detached from the aquifer and use more isotopically enriched soil water. In the Nossob in the dry season, all trees use isotopically enriched soil water, and downstream of the active borehole use stomatal regulation to maintain leaf water potentials. These results suggest that trees in the more heavily utilised Nossob are under more water stress than those trees in the Auob but that trees in both rivers demonstrate physiological adaptation to the changes in available water with smaller heavier leaves, no significant canopy dieback and in the dry season in the Nossob stomatal regulation of leaf water potentials.

Discussion. An increase in abstraction of groundwater particularly at the Nossob borehole may cause an additional draw down of the water table adding to the physiological stress demonstrated in our study. The managers of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park have a mandate that includes biodiversity conservation. To fulfil this mandate, upper and lower thresholds for groundwater abstraction that allow for an adequate ecological reserve have to be determined.