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A new species of Hymenaea from the Caatinga of northeastern Brazil is described and illustrated. H. cangaceira is morphologically similar to H. martiana and H. longifolia, and its geographical distribution overlaps those of both species; however, it differs in the combination of glabrous, ovate to broadly-elliptic leaflets, a glabrous ovary, and relatively short, cylindrical fruit. The new species is well represented in the herbaria of northeastern Brazil. An identification key is provided to distinguish it from other species of Hymenaea that occur in the Caatinga region.