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Background: The role of women in the U.S. military has changed markedly over the course of 20th-and 21st-century conflicts. Although women frequently occupy healthcare positions in the military, little is known about gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) within this occupational subgroup.

Materials and Methods: A total of 4275 (667 women and 3608 men) U.S. Navy healthcare personnel supporting military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan were identified from electronic deployment records. Data from Post-Deployment Health Assessments were abstracted to identify PTSD screen positives, and to adjust for self-reported combat exposure and other deployment experiences.

Results: The prevalence of PTSD screen positive in the sample was 8.2% (n = 351/4275). After adjusting for combat exposure, previous psychiatric history, and demographics, women had significantly higher odds of screening positive for PTSD than did men (odds ratio=1.99, 95% confidence interval 1.34-2.96). Interactions between gender and combat exposure, and between gender and previous psychiatric history were not statistically significant.

Conclusions: This is one of the first studies to examine gender differences in PTSD among military healthcare personnel. Future research should account for additional stressors, such as long work hours, disrupted sleep patterns, and number of casualties treated. As women are further integrated into military occupations that may lead to different exposures, knowledge of gender differences in the manifestation of PTSD is paramount for prevention and treatment purposes.