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Global change is affecting ecosystems worldwide. Nitrogen (N) deposition is increasing globally and climate change scenarios forecast an increase of prolonged autumn droughts particularly in the Mediterranean regions. Mediterranean grasslands occupy 1.3 million km(2) of the terrestrial surface, host high biodiversity values and generate important ecosystem services. Understanding the effects of N deposition and prolonged autumn drought on the productivity and dynamics of Mediterranean grasslands is crucial to support the conservation of these ecosystems in a global change context.

We assessed the effects of extended autumn drought and N deposition on the productivity, species diversity, and phenology of a Mediterranean grassland through a manipulative, greenhouse, experiment. We simulated three levels of extended drought: no drought, 50 days and 100 days of drought and two levels of N deposition: no N and N addition, through a factorial design experiment.

Severe drought (100 days) affected negatively grassland productivity, through a reduction of the growing season duration and accumulated growing degree days. Moderate drought (50 days) affected productivity negatively but productivity values recovered to levels similar to those of the non-drought treatment. Severe and moderate drought delayed plant phenology decreasing significantly the number of individuals with mature flowers and with fruits or seeds. Plant functional groups responded differently to drought with productivity of forbs, but not productivity of graminoids and legumes, being negatively affected by moderate and severe drought. N addition did not affect grassland productivity, diversity or phenology.

Our results anticipate effects of climate change on the productivity and species composition of Mediterranean grasslands. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.