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Soils are significant terrestrial carbon stores yet the mechanisms that stabilize organic carbon in mineral soil remain poorly constrained. Here, we identified climate and topographic controls on soil organic carbon storage along the Catalina Critical Zone Observatory that spans a significant range in mean annual temperature (> 10 degrees C) and mean annual precipitation (> 50 cm year(-1)). Granitic soils were collected from divergent summit and convergent footslope positions in desert scrub, pine, and mixed conifer systems. Physical soil carbon distribution was quantified using a density and sonication technique to obtain the "free," "occluded," and heavy "mineral" soil carbon pools. We examined bulk soil (< 2 mm) and density fractions using total carbon (%), stable isotopic composition (delta C-13), and radiocarbon analyses (Delta C-14). Desert scrub soils stored minimal soil carbon (< 1% by weight) that was partitioned to the heavy mineral pool. Surprisingly, we identified depleted Delta C-14 in the bulk soil (-9 to -66 parts per thousand) and mineral C fractions (-72 to -90 parts per thousand) from subsurface weathered granite in the desert system. The transition to the productive P. pine ecosystem was met with more soil C (> 3%) that partitioned evenly between the free light and mineral fractions. Soil C in the P. pine system also reflected the impact of a moderate severity fire in 2002 that led to modern Delta C-14 values for bulk soil and density fractions. The mixed conifer system contained a greater proportion of passive occluded C in the subsurface soils. We observed evidence for modern fire inputs into the surface soils of the mixed conifer system in combination with buried charcoal and occluded C associated with historic fire events. Convergent landscapes contained higher soil carbon stocks and depleted Delta C-14 relative to adjacent divergent landscapes, suggesting a landscape-level mechanism that includes the transport, burial, and preservation of soil carbon downslope. These data sets provide insights into ecosystem- and hillslope-scale variations in soil carbon storage across semiarid to subhumid environments.