Arid
DOI10.1186/s40494-016-0093-2
Rock varnish on architectural stone: microscopy and analysis of nanoscale manganese oxide deposits on the Smithsonian Castle, Washington, DC
Vicenzi, Edward P.1; Grissom, Carol A.1; Livingston, Richard A.2; Weldon-Yochim, Zoe1
通讯作者Vicenzi, Edward P.
来源期刊HERITAGE SCIENCE
ISSN2050-7445
出版年2016
卷号4
英文摘要

The Smithsonian Institution Building, commonly referred to as the Castle, is located on the National Mall in Washington, DC, and was constructed in the mid-nineteenth century for the purpose of housing all museum and scientific functions for the newly formed institution. Matching gateposts designed by the Castle’s architect were erected more than a century later in the Enid A. Haupt Garden opposite the Castle. Black patches were recently noted on both structures, which are clad with locally quarried Seneca red sandstone. Portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry links the discoloration with elevated Mn concentrations. The discolored patches resemble rock varnish, a Mn-rich coating observed on rock surfaces formed in a variety of environments. Bulk rock and varnish chemistry, in addition to microscopy and microanalysis of the varnish, are presented here. On a bulk chemical basis, the Seneca sandstone is relatively poor in Mn, containing similar to 500 ppmw. In contrast, the rock varnish is greatly enriched in Mn relative to the stone and to a lesser degree in Pb, Ca, Zn, Cu and Ni. Cross sections of the black encrusted regions show that the stone’s red coloration has been modified by black pigmentation from the surface down to similar to 250 mu m. X-ray diffraction of blackened particles produced no discernable pattern, indicating concentrations below the detection limit, poor crystallinity, or both. Scanning electron microscopy and EDS-based x-ray microanalysis of the uppermost portion of the cross section reveal nanometer scale (<20-200 nm) Mn-rich and clay particles concentrated in a thin film (<< 1 mu m) at the surface. Additionally, Mn oxide particles decorate the surfaces of fine-grained minerals in sandstone pores within the discolored zone. Imaging and microanalysis of the rock surface reveal that the Mn-rich varnish is a discontinuous film << 1 mu m in thickness with an estimated composition of Na0.2Ca0.1Mg0.1Al0.1Si0.5Mn1.9Fe0.5O6.7. This composition most likely represents a nanoscale mixture of a Mn oxide (e.g., birnessite or todorokite) and an Al-rich silicate mineral. Seneca sandstone on the Smithsonian Castle and gateposts is discolored in patches owing to the Mn-rich phase being deposited into two zones: (1) a vanishingly thin patina, and (2) nanoparticles coating grain boundaries and pores in the uppermost similar to 200-250 mu m of the stone. While the mineralogy is similar to well-studied varnish formed in arid settings, rock varnish on the Smithsonian structures is significantly thinner. Because this architectural rock varnish is young, it may represent the earliest stages of formation of the more commonly described varnishes reported in the literature.


英文关键词Building stone Desert varnish Microanalysis Nanophase Sandstone Stone conservation SEM XRF
类型Article
语种英语
国家USA
收录类别SCI-E ; AHCI
WOS记录号WOS:000380316500001
WOS关键词DESERT VARNISH ; NANOMETER-SCALE ; MINERALOGY ; SPECTROSCOPY ; BIRNESSITE ; DENDRITES ; COATINGS ; ORIGIN
WOS类目Humanities, Multidisciplinary ; Chemistry, Analytical ; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary ; Spectroscopy
WOS研究方向Arts & Humanities - Other Topics ; Chemistry ; Materials Science ; Spectroscopy
资源类型期刊论文
条目标识符http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/193361
作者单位1.Smithsonian Inst, Museum Conservat Inst, 4210 Silver Hill Rd, Suitland, MD 20746 USA;
2.Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 2135 Chem & Nucl Engn Bldg 090, College Pk, MD 20742 USA
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GB/T 7714
Vicenzi, Edward P.,Grissom, Carol A.,Livingston, Richard A.,et al. Rock varnish on architectural stone: microscopy and analysis of nanoscale manganese oxide deposits on the Smithsonian Castle, Washington, DC[J],2016,4.
APA Vicenzi, Edward P.,Grissom, Carol A.,Livingston, Richard A.,&Weldon-Yochim, Zoe.(2016).Rock varnish on architectural stone: microscopy and analysis of nanoscale manganese oxide deposits on the Smithsonian Castle, Washington, DC.HERITAGE SCIENCE,4.
MLA Vicenzi, Edward P.,et al."Rock varnish on architectural stone: microscopy and analysis of nanoscale manganese oxide deposits on the Smithsonian Castle, Washington, DC".HERITAGE SCIENCE 4(2016).
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