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In the cities of Las Palmas (L/P) de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz (S/C) de Tenerife, Canary Islands, particulate matter is highly influenced by mineral dust because their proximity to the Sahara desert (PM10-2.5 levels are higher than PM2.5). In this context, the short-term association between different PM fractions and gaseous pollutants with emergency hospital admissions for all respiratory, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma was analyzed, evaluating the potential independent effect of PM10-2.5. A generalized additive model was fitted controlling for seasonal patterns and time varying confounders. Different lag structures, polynomial distributed lag models, and two-pollutant models were examined. Under Lag01, in S/C de Tenerife, a 10 mu g/m(3) increase in PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 was associated with a 5.1 % risk increase (95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.0 to 9.2) in all respiratory and with a 7.7 % increase (95 % CI 0.9 to 14.9) in COPD emergency admissions, respectively. In L/P de Gran Canaria, a positive association between PM10-2.5, PM2.5, and NO2 with the increased risk of asthma hospitalization was found: 11.2 % (95 % CI 0.5 to 22.9), 21.9 % (95 % CI 6.9 to 39.0), and a 17.4 % (95 % CI 6.6 to 29.4), respectively. The overall findings suggest that in these cities, (1) PM2.5, PM10-2.5, and NO2 are associated with the risk of emergency hospital admission for respiratory diseases; (2) there is no evidence of confounding for the associations observed; and (3) PM10-2.5 may have an impact on public health.