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QEMSCAN-based (Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscopy) heavy mineral analysis has recently been demonstrated an efficient way to allow a rapid extraction of provenance information from sediments. However, one key issue to correctly obtain a provenance signal using this technique is to clearly separate effects of diagenetic alteration on heavy minerals in sediments, especially in fine-grained loess. Here we compare heavy mineral assemblages of bottom Quaternary loess (133) and upper Pliocene Red Clay of three sites on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). Two sites (Chaona and Luochuan) with similar modern climate conditions show similar heavy mineral assemblages but contain much less of the unstable heavy mineral amphibole than the drier Xifeng site. This result provides strong evidence supporting that climate-caused diagenesis is an important factor controlling heavy mineral assemblages of fine-grained loess. However, heavy mineral assemblages are similar for loess and paleosol layers deposited after 0.5 Ma on the Chinese Loess Plateau regardless of climate differences, suggesting that time is also a factor controlling heavy mineral assemblages of loess and Red Clay. Our high resolution sampling of the upper Miocene-Pliocene Chaona Red Clay sequence reveals similar heavy mineral compositions with a minor amphibole content, different from the drier Xifeng site results of the same age. This result indicates that the monsoonal climate pattern might have been maintained since the late Miocene. Furthermore, it indicates that the heavy mineral method is promising in tracing provenance for sites northwest of the Xifeng site on the Loess Plateau. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.