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Within the Eastern Desert of Egypt, there are more than a hundred vein-type gold deposits and occurrences. Gold was mined in the Dynastic and Roman periods of the Egyptian history and most of the attention was focused entirely on the near-surface high grade parts of these veins. Currently, besides the more problematic sulfide-rich quartz veins, which generally occur in the lower levels of the worked out auriferous quartz veins, some targets including wall-rock alteration, listwaenite, dumps and tailings of ancient mines, by-product gold hosted in volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and gold-bearing Algoma-type BIF, as well as alluvial gold constitute the new targets for gold in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. In most of these targets, gold displays a bimodal distribution; occurring both as free-milling gold and in the form of submicroscopic or "invisible" gold in refractory sulfides and sulfoarsenides such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, gersdorffite and pentlandite minerals.

Characterizing gold in an ore is important in extraction metallurgy. Free-milling gold can be efficiently recovered by crushing, grinding and cyanidation without additional processing. In refractory ores, on the other hand, conventional milling can liberate the sulfides from the gangue allowing a low content of concentrate to be produced by a process such as flotation. However, direct leaching of the concentrate results in poor gold extractions as the cyanide lixiviant is unable to contact the gold locked within the refractory host. Oxidative pretreatment is required for such ores and the methods available for oxidation are roasting (calcination), pressure oxidation, and bacterial oxidation; all oxidize the refractory minerals in the ore to render the gold amenable to cyanidation. While such oxidative methods are capable of achieving reasonable recoveries, they increase the capital and operating costs. An alternative, applicable to the liberation of gold from the refractory host, is to continue the grinding process to reduce the particle size of the host mineral thereby exposing a part of the gold surface for contact with the cyanide solution. A benefit of this technique is that the environmental aspects of the oxidation reaction products are avoided, however the ultra fine grinding also adds more operating costs. Metallurgical studies carried out on some gold deposits, dumps and tailings of ancient gold mines in Egypt, proved that these ores are amenable to percolation leaching (concentration of KCN varies between 0.5 and 1 g/L) for the (-10 mm) grain size, and consequently heap leaching is a successful technique as the results of these laboratory scale column tests show. In most of these studies, a marked improvement in the percent of gold recovery was gained when the crushed ore is agglomerated by the addition of water, lime and/or cement particularly in ores containing significant quantities of clay minerals and clay-forming minerals (e.g. sericite and muscovite), and by addition of kerosene which passivates the adsorption surfaces on the graphite.

Placer gold is recovered by gravity methods utilizing the large difference in specific gravity between gold and commonly associated minerals such as quartz and feldspar. The equipments range from a simple pan to more complex devices used in gold recovery plants and dredges.

Modern studies in Egypt point to the presence of different targets of gold; diverse in their gold content, mode of occurrence of gold and the metallurgical treatments required for extracting gold. With the advance of modern techniques such as Electron Microprobe Analyses (EMPA), laser Ablation Microprobe Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (LAM-ICP-MS), gold ores in Egypt should be re-characterized precisely to know the specifications of these ores and consequently predict the metallurgical regime required, and with the high world gold price, it has become necessary to take into consideration the presence of refractory gold ores as one of these targets in Egypt. Generally speaking, laboratory experiments conducted on gold processing in Egypt are encouraging to some extent; however the gold extraction rates of the free milling ores with conventional cyanidation and refractory ores with direct and pretreatment techniques can be improved by modifying the conditions of extraction to be consistent with the results obtained from the re-characterization stage. Otherwise any target for gold and whatsoever the mode of occurrence of gold in this target (i.e. free-milling and/or refractory) could be recovered directly by heap leaching technique and we should accept less than ideal gold recovery for any target when weighed against the capital expenditure required for processes such as roasting, and the continuous grinding processes which might improve recoveries by only a small percentage. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.