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An alkaliphilic and moderately halophilic actinobacterium, designated strain GP10-3(T), was isolated from Populus euphratica collected from the southern edge of Taklimakan desert, Xinjiang, China. Cells of this strain were Gram-stain-positive, non-motile and non-spore-forming short rods. Strain GP10-3(T) grew optimally at 37 degrees C on LB agar media in the presence of 5-10% (w/v) NaCl at pH 9.0. The menaquinones were MK-7, MK-8 and MK-9. The major fatty acids (>10%) were anteiso-C-17:0, anteiso-C-15:0 and iso-C-16:0. The peptidoglycan type was variation A4 alpha, L-Lys-L-Glu. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycolipid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, glycolipid and an unidentified phospholipid. The DNA G + C content was 67.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain GP10-3T belonged to the genus Nesterenkonia, sharing 94.6-96.9% sequence similarity with the type strains of species within this genus with validly published names. Based on the evidence of the polyphasic taxonomic study, strain GP10-3T represents a novel species of the genus Nesterenkonia, for which the name Nesterenkonia populi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GP10-3T (=DSM 27959(T)=KCTC 29119(T)).