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Bioremediation of oil-polluted soils under the extreme environmental conditions of deserts is challenging. Lack of nutrients, elevated temperatures and high salinities, caused by continuous evaporation of irrigation water/seawater, are among the major environmental factors that influence the diversity and activity of soil microorganisms. We compared, using microcosms, the effect of different temperatures and salinities on respiration activities, oil mineralization and bacterial community composition in desert soils with and without the addition of inorganic nutrients and exogenous bacteria. The addition of nutrients resulted in ca. 20% increase in oil mineralization rates, however additional exogenous bacteria lead to a further increase of only 1%. While the evolved CO2 increased with increasing temperatures, it decreased with increasing salinity in both untreated and biostimulated soils. The maximum amount of evolved CO2 reached 18.4 +/- 1.1 mg-CO2 ri in the biostimulated soil at 50 degrees C and this corresponded to ca. 10% oil mineralization. Bacterial communities exhibited shifts at different temperatures and salinities in the favor of genera that contain potential oil-degrading aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. We conclude that fluctuations in temperature and salinity of desert soils will directly influence the activity and diversity of microorganisms therein and consequently affect the efficiency of applied bioremediation treatments. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.