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We determined the equilibrium isotope fractionation between Cr(III) and Cr(VI), defined as Delta(53) CrVI-III = delta Cr-53(VI) - delta Cr-53(III), and the rates of isotopic exchange between the two redox species under different conditions. In high Cr concentration, low-pH experiments we determined the Delta(53) CrV-III between CrO42- and Cr(H2O)(3+)(6) to be 5.2 +/- 0.3 parts per thousand and 5.5 +/- 0.3 parts per thousand at 60 degrees C and 40 degrees C, respectively. At 25 degrees C, the system only progressed 25% toward isotopic equilibrium after 684 days. By extrapolating from the 60 degrees C and 40 degrees C experiments we estimated the Delta(53) CrVI-III between CrO42- and Cr(H2O)(3+)(6) to be 5.8 +/- 0.5 parts per thousand at 25 degrees C. Isotope exchange rates between dissolved Cr(III) and dissolved Cr(VI) at 25 degrees C, 40 degrees C, and 60 degrees C were determined to be 3.13 x 10(-5) M day(- 1), 6.83 x 10(-4) M day(-1), and 8.37 x 10(-3) M day(-1), respectively.

In low concentration, neutral-pH experiments we determined the isotopic exchange rates between dissolved Cr(VI) and solid Cr(III) oxyhydroxide at 25 degrees C. In these experiments, significant isotopic exchange was found on time scales of months, though the magnitude of isotopic shifts was limited by the small mass of Cr(III) available for exchange on the surfaces of Cr(III) oxyhydroxide particles. Exchange rates were relatively fast, compared to rates obtained from high concentration, low-pH experiments. This faster isotopic exchange is attributed to adsorption of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) particle surfaces, which keeps Cr(III) and Cr(VI), and potentially intermediate species Cr(V), in close proximity long enough to allow multiple electron transfers. The isotopic exchange rate at neutral-pH was found to conform to the rate law R = k.[Cr(VI)](adsorbed), in which R is the isotopic exchange rate (M day(-1)); k is the rate constant, determined to be 0.00047 day(-1); [CrO42-](adsorbed) is the concentration of Cr(VI) adsorbed to Cr(III) oxyhydroxide (M). The impact of isotopic exchange on the Cr-53/Cr-52 ratio of the dissolved Cr(VI) depends on the relative masses and Cr-53/Cr-52 ratios of the starting Cr(III) and Cr(VI), as well as the fraction of Cr(III) atoms exposed to solution. In many natural settings, isotopic exchange will have little impact, because only very small amounts of Cr(VI) are adsorbed onto Cr(III) oxyhydroxide surfaces. However in certain settings with low Cr(VI) concentrations and abundant, exposed Cr(III)-bearing solids, significant isotopic exchange could happen within about 20 years. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.