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Agricultural drainage ditches are essential to sustaining food production in arid irrigation regions, with various sizes and drainage characteristics as important buffer ecotones in agricultural areas. Bed vegetation and water properties were investigated in 39 agricultural drainage ditches in the Lingwu District of Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation Area in Northwestern China. The results showed that water depth, width, and velocity generally increased with larger ditch size. Water salinity was higher in drainage ditches (>1g/L) than in croplands, canals, and the Yellow River. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus were at high levels: approximate to 1.6 and approximate to 0.1mg/L, respectively. Forty plant species belonging to 19 families and 31 genera were identified, with higher plant richness and diversity found in smaller sized drainage ditches. Macrophytes dominated the bed vegetation with a mean vegetative coverage of >30% in all-sized ditches, and Phragmites australis occurred with the most frequency. Water depth and salinity were considered as the primary factors affecting the distribution of vegetation in drainage ditch beds. The study suggests that practical conservation of smaller sized drainage ditches is conducive to increasing the plant diversity of agricultural landscapes.