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During the Bukavu Conference on flora and fauna conservation (26-31 October 1953), a French delegation submitted a recommendation, which was unanimously adopted, calling for an overall policy for nature protection in Africa. The 1933 London Convention, which only addressed the "conservation of fauna and flora in their natural state", no longer seems adequate: the conservation of a few animal or plant species and the creation of national parks and nature reserves only address particular areas of nature conservation, which need to be extended to protect the whole environment in which African people live. This includes spontaneous vegetation, which protects water and soils and forms not only forests but also indeterminate "bush". A specific convention for Africa is justified because nature in Africa is different and more seriously endangered than elsewhere. It is in danger because of the extreme climate, but also from bush fires and slash-and-burn agriculture that cannot sustain the undernourished population. Savannah encroachment, soil erosion and impoverishment and desertification are gaining ground. A common policy for all African territories has become essential to ensure their protection, and also to fight epidemics. Africa’s nature forms a whole that has no boundaries, but natural regions that interact climatically. Over and above a Charter for nature protection in Africa, the issue is that of protecting Africa’s populations, but without subjecting them to scientific planning that disregards their customary practices.