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Cultivation of Jatropha curcas in arid and semiarid non-cultivated areas could be a sustainable strategy for stimulating biofuel production without competing with food crops for land and water resources. J. curcas is considered a drought-tolerant species; however, the mechanisms that provide tolerance are unknown. Few efforts have been made to understand the connections between stomatal development and environment conditions. Here, we compared changes in stomatal density (SD) and stomatal index (SI) and their influence on gas exchange in J. curcas. Plants were cultivated in both rainy and dry regions. We describe a distinctive distribution of stomata under the adaxial and abaxial leaf epidermises, where higher SD may have caused the increase in stomatal conductance (g(s)) with positive effects on net photosynthetic rate (P-N). However, when rain was excluded, the variation in g(s) was strongly related to vapour pressures deficit (VPD), and VPD was strongly related to the P-N. Thus, our results suggest that J. curcas may also contribute mitigating the effect of CO2 deposition in the atmosphere, given that a remarkable change in SD and other leaf traits was observed in response to seasonal variations. Moreover, multivariate analysis highlights the high sensitivity off. curcas plants to VPD which in turn induces rapid stomatal closure and consequent reduction of P-N for long periods of time which reflect into a change in the pattern of development resulting in higher SI. These results can help us to understand the relationship between stomatal features and gas exchange in response to environment changes. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.