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We sought to recognise to which extent the mid-Holocene Optimum can be identified in the Rio Jarilla region of western Argentina, situated at the boundaries of the South American Arid Diagonal. The palaeoenvironmental conditions of the Arco del Desaguadero Formation, formed by a sedimentary sequence of late Pleistocene to middle Holocene age, were reconstructed based on charophyte assemblages and sedimentology. Three fluvio-lacustrine cycles were recognised with evaporitic layers at the top of each, reflecting the high temperatures that characterise the Holocene. For the second cycle, three C-14 dates were obtained, ranging from ca. 11 to 7 ka BP which, together with sedimentology and the palaeontological record allowed us to infer a warm and semiarid period assigned to the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum. The gyrogonites found in the sediments belong to Chara cf. contraria, Chara cf. papillosa, Chara halina and Chara hornemannii, species related to extant species from Argentina. The presence of C. hornemannii imbedded in sedimentary rocks (evaporites) reflects higher temperatures in the past, although further research is needed to establish the significance of this species for reconstructing Quaternary climate. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.