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In this study, pulp and kernel of fruits from six Arecaceae species were subjected to proximate analysis, fatty acid composition and total carotenoid content analysis. The species with the highest carbohydrate, lipid and protein values were Ptychosperma macarthurii (70.1 g/100 g in the kernel), Syagrus cearensis (40.6 g/100 g in the kernel), and S. coronata (20.6 g/100 g in the pulp). The ash content ranged from 0.61 to 7.51 g/100 g. Lauric, palmitic, and oleic acids were the major fatty acids identified. The total carotenoid contents and retinol activity equivalents were highest in the Pinanga kuhlii (180.3 mu g/g) and Acrocomia intumescens (138.0 mu g/g) pulp oils. Retinol activity equivalents varied between the investigated species (456 to 1515 mu g RAE/100 g). Native species such as A. intumescens, S. coronata, and S. cearensis are good sources of fresh food for the underserved populations that inhabit poorly developed areas such as the semi-arid region of Brazil. P. macarthurii, an exotic species, is an excellent source of ash and carotenoids, demonstrating its potential both as a food source and as bioactive compounds. Pulp and kernel of A. intumescens, could be a good alternative feedstock for soap and biodiesel production, respectively.