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Termites exhibit several characteristics that emphasize their potential as bioindicators of habitat quality for use in environmental monitoring studies, but little is known about this group in vegetations of semi-arid regions of Brazil. The present study was conducted in three areas of Caatinga under different levels of anthropogenic disturbance, in the High Backwoods of Sergipe State, aiming to verify whether termite communities create different groups associated with the conservation of the area, by analyzing richness, abundance, and composition. Twelve transects of 65 x 2 m were set up in each area, where each one consisted of five plots of 5 x 2 m, making it possible to collect termites in all potential nesting and foraging sites. Five feeding groups of termites were sampled: (WF) wood-feeders, (SF) soil-feeders, (SWF) soil/wood interface-feeders, (LF) litter-foragers, and (SPF) specialized-feeders. Soil samples were collected from each plot in order to measure the environmental variables particle size, moisture percentage, and soil pH. Overall, richness and abundance were significantly different in the three studied areas. Wood-feeders were the most dominant in number of species and number of encounters collected at all sites, whereas the composition of termites in each area, given the environmental disturbances, was distinct. The environmental variables reinforced that the areas are different in terms of degree of conservation. The agreement between environmental variables and ecological data for species composition fortifies the potential of termites as biological indicators of habitat quality in areas of Caatinga of Northeastern Brazil.