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In the present work, the wastewater in Greece and in Iran, countries with more or less semiarid to arid climatic conditions, respectively, is studied. The basic aim is to stress the importance of integration of the treated wastewater reuse in the water management strategy, towards an effective management of water scarcity. A general background information is given on the climatic conditions prevailing in each of these countries (temperature, rainfall). Also, the natural water resources, including the wastewater production, are reported. Emphasis is given to the ever increasing demand for water due to the need for higher agricultural production, to the rising standard of living, and to the climatic changes, which augment the water scarcity. Consequently, the necessity of wastewater reuse as an alternative marginal water resource is underlined. The status of the wastewater reuse research in each country is also presented, and relevant experimental results are reported.