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This study presents the results of the physicochemical characterization of particulate matter associated with an important dust event from the Sahara area that occurred in the South of Spain in 2010. The chemical composition of the samples reflected the dominance of the crustal component of sand from the Sahara desert, although the presence of Mo, Ti, and V trace elements indicated that the dust contained industrial material; probably collected in its transport from Africa. Microbial biodiversity associated with the dust was low, but dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Some Firmicutes (belonging to the genus Bacillus and Sporosarcina) were cultured on solid and liquid medium, which suggested that the transported microbes were alive or present as spores that germinated under favorable conditions. These cultivable microbes in the form of spores were highly resistant to desiccation, heat, and UV light.